Sustainable Product Design And Materials Recycling Environmental Sciences Essay

Sustainable Product Design And Materials Recycling Environmental Sciences strainOver the last three decades, environsal issues scram become a signifi polarityt charge for all societies. With growing aw atomic number 18ness of environmental issues, for instance, advertise Pollution, Global Warming, Water Pollution and Ozone Depletion, sustainability has been gaining increasing attention in juvenile years. (Roy, R. 2000) However, according to Tseng, M. et al. (2012), currently it is more often than not not sustainable that models of consumption and the Manufacturing systems which ground on traditional activities and business technologies. Therefore, sustainability has captured the attentions of most endingers, regardless of their specialism. In an other(prenominal) word, designers have to charter the sustainable founts of their practices in order to adapt to a sustainable future. The choice of re staved materials utilize to have reaping is important, allied with the mood in which they are apply. (Manheim, J. 2009) The literary harvestingions review is based upon the examples from Internet and books that were plunge to have relevance to the topic of sustainable product design and recycled materials. And this literature review will aim to bring together the most distinguish examples and growings in recycled materials and sustainable product design from recent years in order to establish what the present state of the art is. (G.D. Hatcher et al., 2011) In the final exam part, it will demonst ramble the significance and limitations of sustainable product design do from recycled materials and from this provide suggestions as to where the research should go next.Sustainable product design and materials recycleA sustainable product design also know as eco-design, green design or design for environment, and it depends on dickens things what types of designs are do, and in what quantity they are do (Matthew, S. and Andrew, S. 1997). In other words designing with recycled materials is actually depending on the type of snitch objects that you have access to. While from the environment aspect, Lennart (2007) suggested that a sustainable product is a product, which will give as little impact on the environment as possible during its life history cycle. And sustainable products applying environmental criteria aimed at the streak of flub and emissions and the minimization of their environmental impact, along the material life cycle of the product. (Weenen, J. C., 1995) Sustainable product design can be characterized by some(prenominal) factors for instance, recycling materials through the design for environment is one of key factors, which includes design for remanufacturing, design disassembly and for sustainability. Employment of cleaner production principles of preventive strategy and source-oriented approaches are equally essential in sustainable design practices (Tseng, M. 2012). It is generally efficacious to def ine a sustainable product or at least to have some measures of degree of sustainability. It is agreed that the principles of eco-design can be considered the running of resources in the environment.Recycled materials include collecting a large weigh of already make products and materials from various sources and reducing them to other standardized reinvigorated materials objects original product form and function is totally discarded or partial changed. The main consideration of sustainable product design make from recycled materials is to facilitate the reduction or changing process, and involves approaches such as (1) modifying the materials mix, (2) recycling for disassembly, (3) designing for recycling process compatibility, and (4) adopting materials coding systems. (Fuller, D.A. and Ottman, J.A. 2004)Designer and artist worked with recycled materialsJulia Manheim is a famous designer and having gained an international for her work. In the early 1970s, her concern for the o rganisation of materials started and found that she was fond of collecting piles of Guardian newspapers and disliked anything to red ink to waste. (Manheim, J. 2009) She collected various waste materials in her life such as chocolate wrappers, burnt film, toothbrush heads, plastic carrier bags, etc. consequently make them into creative jewelries. Her research is about how to recycle existing materials in antithetic approaches to give it a second life and a new meaning. Accordingly, this might be achieved by altering it, using it in different ways, cutting it up, adding to it, covering it up, or casting it in another recycled material. These are all methods of reusing and reinterpreting what is here already, rather than having to start from scratch. Also she started to develop a sensibility for looking at and seeking the potential in sr. product and then changed it into the new one. It seems that intervention can be minimal, and materials do not always collect to undergo a tota l shift key to become to a new thing they just require handling with sensitivity and an awareness of their inherent properties. The product made from recycled materials can be equally unusual and creative if the recycled elements are easily identifiable. It depends on how inventively the materials are reused and put together. (Lea, V. 1997)Fashion designers are also chasing this eco- fashion, take Gary Harvey, for example, he can recycle waste materials from his life such as a piece of old jeans, newspapers, some trench coats, army jackets or man and wife practisees and turn them into new amazing dresses with eco-conscious. Gary Harvey is the former Creative designer of Levi Strauss and Dockers europium director for Levis. An impressive creation was made from cans, cardboard boxes and bottle tops. community admire him about designing a surprising dress made from old jeans, newspapers, or even juice packages. Some people may have a question about the wearability of a designing dress out of waste materials. However, this dress is an environmentally friendly dress, which people can be worn for special occasions. It will help people counterpane the information of helping the environment and with unique style. His most recycled materials were from everyday life which made me consider how everyday domestic objects, found around the house or at a local shop, can be used to make sustainable product. In addition, I started pay attention to the consanguinity between my recycled objects and fashion.The Nike shoes are successful example of an eco-design product which is environmentally and sustainably. Steve Nash who is the All-Star Guard for the Phoenix Suns and Nike has made up a team to start out the Nike Trash Talk, the first Nike performance basketball game shoes completely produced from manufacturing waste materials. The emphasis of this design was aim to create a sustainable, high-performance basketball shoe. Nike used manufacturing waste materials, such as, leather materials and synthetic leather waste from the products factory floor for the upper replace using toxic adhesives used zigzag stitching to sew the upper together. The mid-sole was made up of scrap-ground scintillate from factory production materials. Nike recycled waste materials from their own manufacturing-with a low-toxin, environmentally preferred rubber to make an outsole which contains 96% fewer toxins. Even the shoelaces and sock liners were made from environmentally preferred materials. Finally, the shoes were packaged in a fully recycled cardboard shoebox. The company tends to encourage the designers to design more sustainable products. moment and limitationsGirlamy (2008) suggested that recycling materials and transforming them into new sustainable products is a win-win trend. Designers and artists who designing sustainable product out of recycled materials are taking an object at the end of its useful life and changing it into a helpful raw material to mak e another new object. (Manheim, J. 2009) As a consumer, you are helping the development of eco-friendly environment when you support businesses that remanufacture products such as clothing and furniture made from recycled materials. Scientists are finding our planets landfills are filling at an alarming rate many of the landfills filled with waste materials will remain for thousands of years. As a consequence, it will be disastrous if we do not follow the trend of using sustainable product made from recycled materials. Material recycling reduces the imply for raw materials and thus protecting the environment and preserving resources. It reduces the pollution of air and peeing allied with energy usage. The consumer in turn is rewarded by gaining some products which are special and exquisite when they choose a sustainable product with recycled materials. This is because, products made from waste materials are often handcrafted and manufactured by a decent trade organization that pr ovides a fair wage and favorable functional conditions for their workers.But there are clearly very few sincerely yours sustainable designs. As discussed above, humans have received a long number of benefits from sustainable product design, and the demand for sustainability to designer is increasing. However, sustainable product design has its limitations. In particular, an eco-friendly advantageous change in one aspect of a Green design may have contrary environmental influences elsewhere in its life cycle which may outweigh any benefits. For example, the avoidance of potentially toxic materials may decrease a designs life and therefore require it to be replaced more frequent, consequently, eco-designs may consume more energy and generate more pollution than it saves. (Roy, R. 2000) The designers should not only consider the sustainability in their design activities, but also need to grasp the economic, technical, social and cultural background of their designs in various area s. In other words, designers need to consider long-term benefits rather than current benefits. Sustainability should also be of concern not only to the designers, but also to every company or organization. This is because, sustainable product design is an integrated design process goaded by whole-system thinking.

Osteoprotegerin as Biomarker for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

Osteoprotegerin as Bio sucker for subversive Bowel DiseasesOsteoprotegerin a novel fecal biomarker in paediatric subversive catgut unhealthinesssAbstractBackground Recently, Osteoprotegerin (OPG) has been identified as a faecal biological marker reflecting intestinal lighting in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). To maintain subsidence, it is important to prevent relapses, specially in paediatric IBD where disap straitsment to thrive is frequently seen. This study aims to identify the symptomatic and predictive quantify of faecal OPG in paediatric IBD management.Methods Stool samples, disease drill business leader slews and inflammatory markers were recorded from children diagnosed with CD or UC during regular visits all(prenominal) three months. An enzyme-linked immunoassay was used to mea true faecal OPG levels in these children. innovationCrohns disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), two an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), are severe, chronic diseases impact t he gastrointestinal tract. CD occurs end-to-end the whole gut scarcely is commonly seen near the ileum, whereas UC is mainly dependent to the colon. IBD deteriorates the intestinal mucosa and causes barrier disruption of the gut leading to group AB pain, diarrhoea and rectal bleeding 1,2. A worrisome increase in the world-wide IBD population, particularly in developed countries, has been seen over the past decades 10. Therefore, early diagnosis and early treatment are important key factors in IBD management, especially in children where IBD causes failure to thrive and impairs growth and pubertal development 13. Etiologically, our arrangement of the etiopathogenesis in IBD is still non completely elucidated barely our best opening poses that dismissal of the intestinal mucosa is induced by the intestinal works ca development a deregulated immune response in both the inherent and the adaptive immune system often in patients with predisposed contagious factors 14-18.Curre ntly, colonoscopy, albeit unpleasant, invasive and expensive, delineates mucosal inflammation and is the gold standard in study and monitoring IBD 11,12. Consequently, many investigators conducted studies to inflammatory indicators trying to find less-invasive and more get-at-able ways of assessing gastrointestinal inflammation. Several indices bring in been developed and validated, however not any as sensitive and specific as colonoscopy 39,40. Also, inflammatory markers much(prenominal) as C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate ( sed rate) have been studied but do not differentiate among several other inflammatory diseases. 37,38. Nowadays, non-invasive faecal markers are deemed promising in diagnosing and monitoring IBD since precedent studies have shown non-invasive faecal markers to reflect intestinal inflammation and mucosal healing 42-45.In intestinal inflammation, peerless of the inflammatory nerve pathways is the Nuclear Factor (NF)- B pathway con trolling inflammatory response and modulated by (pro)-inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-, interleukin (IL)-1 and osteoprotegerin (OPG) 19,20. OPG or TNFRSF11B is a protein and member of the tumour Necrosis Factor Receptor (TNFR) superfamily. OPG was first recognised in fig out metabolism where it belittles bone-breakdown modulating the OPG/receptor activation of NF-B (RANK)/ RANK ligand (RANKL) pathway. In bone, RANK, which is verbalised on osteoclast progenitor cells, binds RANKL and thereby inducing osteoclastogenesis. OPG, expressed by osteoblasts and playing as a decoy receptor for RANK, shows competitive binding with RANKL afterwards preventing a RANK-RANKL ligation and bone breakdown 24,25. Since both RANKL and OPG are members of the TNFR-family and thus affecting several inflammatory mediators and cytokines (e.g. TNF-, IL-1, IL-8 and interferon (IFN)-) the OPG/RANK/RANKL pathway also modulates inflammation. Moreover RANKL is synthesized by T-ce lls whereas OPG is produced by B-cells and dendritic cells (DC) indicating an even more evident role for both proteins in the immune system 26-29. Although the exact role of OPG in inflammation is yet to be found, recently conducted studies clearly highlight a authority role for OPG as a non-invasive faecal marker in paediatric IBD.Several studies postulate OPG as a promising non-invasive faecal marker since OPG correlates positively with inflammation markers (e.g. C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)) and IBD index stains 20,30-32. Moreover, OPG levels decrease significantly after IBD treatment indicating less inflammation 32-34. In addition, increased OPG levels were not only found in blood serum but also in intestinal mucosa and stool indicating a evident role for OPG in intestinal inflammation 20,30-32,34,41. The aim of this study is to describe levels of OPG with respect to disease state and whether OPG levels change over time mend receiving tr eatment or on behalf of the relapse-remitting pattern of IBD. Furthermore we evaluate the diagnostic and predictive value of OPG as a non-invasive biological marker in paediatric IBD.MethodsPatientsAll patients (Disease assessmentAssessment of patients disease activity was measured using the Paediatric Crohns Disease Activity indicator (PCDAI) for CD patients or the Paediatric Ulcerative Colitis Activity list (PUCAI) for patients diagnosed with UC. PCDAI malt whiskys comprise symptoms (e.g. abdominal pain), physical examination (e.g. peri-rectal disease) and melodic line results (haematocrit, ESR and albumin) whereas PUCAI rates are only based on subjective symptoms characterizing UC 7-9. However, previous studies have indicated PCDAI as a poor indicator of intestinal inflammation since it is not correlating strong with faecal biomarkers such as calprotectin, lactoferrin and S100A12 3-5. Therefore a modified PCDAI was developed and validated based on merely blood parameters (h aematocrit, ESR and albumin) 6. Eventually, both the PCDAI and the modified PCDAI were used for disease assessment in CD patients.CD or UC patients were classified as in remission/inactive, mild, command or severe disease state. When scoring a PCDAI12.5/17.5 x1or PUCAI score over 65 was classified as a severe disease 6-9. Since the modified PCDAI only differentiates between an in remission/inactive and a severe form of CD, scores between 7.5 and 12.5/17.5 accounted for a mild/moderate disease state 6. Subsequently, relapses were defined when patients changed from an inactive disease state to a mild, moderate or severe state or showed a 12.5 point/40 point increase in PCDAI score 9 or PUCAI score 7,8respectively. On other hand, improvement was defined as a decrease in PCDAI score of 12.5 points 9 or a decrease in PUCAI score of 35 points 7. x2Sample collectionEight stool samples per patient were self-collected over a period of 30 months as follows stool samples were obtained every three months for the first year and then every 6 months for one and a half year. Stool samples were collected and immediately stored at 4C. After transporting the samples to the laboratory they were aliquoted and stored in a -80C freezer.Moreover, inflammation parameters (e.g. CRP, ESR, albumin, haematocrit, and blood domicilelet count), weight, length and Body Mass Index (BMI) were recorded during regular visits. As part of patients monitoring these visits took place every three months corresponding with hoard stool samples.Faecal extractionAfter removing stool samples from the freezer, a weight down amount of stool between 250 mg and 400 mg was added to an Eppendorf tube. Then, the homogeneous volume (between 250 L and 400 L) of buffered saline (phosphate buffer solution) containing 11 g/mL aprotinin (Sigma), 2.5 g/mL leupeptin hemisulfate (Sigma) and 0.5 mM 4-(2-aminoethyl) benzenesulfonyl fluoride (Sigma) was added creating a 11 dimension weight/volume. Next, samples were agitated on a vortex machine (Global Science, Auckland, NZ) for 30 seconds and homogenized on a suspension mixer (Gyrotory shaker instance G2, New Brunswick Scientific Co, Edison, NJ, US) for 30 proceedings. After centrifuging at 13,500g for 10 minutes on 22C supernatant was transferred to an Eppendorf tube and stored at -20C until analysis.ELISAOPG levels in stool samples were measured using a merciful OPG/TNFRSF11B ELISA-kit (RD Systems) following the manufactures instructions. We used this kit and protocol since it was successfully utilized by Nahidi et al 34. First, 100 L per surface of capture antibody (mouse anti-human OPG with a working concentration of 2.0 g/mL in a PBS-dilution) was added to a 96-well plate (Falcon, Corning NY, US) incubating overnight at room temperature. Then, the plate was washed three clock with wash buffer (0.05% Tween 20 in PBS pH 7.2-7.4) and tapped ironic on paper towel. Next, the plate was blocked by adding 300 L per well of reagent diluent (1% bovine serum albumin (BSA) in PBS pH 7.2-7.4) incubating for 1 hour at room temperature. Meanwhile, 120 L of faecal extraction and 120 L of reagent diluent were added to an Eppendorf tube creating a final 12 working dilution of sample. After washing the plate, as aforementioned, 100 L per well of thin out samples and standards (recombinant human OPG) were added in duplicates incubating for 2 hours at room temperature. Next, the plate was washed and 100 L per well of detection antibody (biotinylated goat anti-human OPG with a working concentration of 200ng/mL diluted in reagent diluent with 2% heat inactivated normal goat serum ) was added incubating for two hours at room temperature. Following, after washing, 100 L per well of Streptavidin-Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was added for 20 minutes at room temperature and protected against light using tin foil. After washing, 100 L per well of substrate (H2O2 and Tetramethylbenzidine in a 11 dilution) was added for 20 minutes and pro tected against light. futurity 50 L per well of Stop Solution (2M H2SO4) was added and optical tautness was immediately analysed using a 450 nm microplate lector (Spectramax 190, Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, CA, USA). The lower detection limit of this assay was 250 pg/mL.Statistical analysisThe obtained data from the microplate reader was calculated using Softmax Pro (version 5.3, October 1998 Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, CA, USA).x1Either 12.5 or 17.5. Differs between articlesx2Not sure if this is right but found this in other articles

Anatomy and Physiology of the Human Heart

Anatomy and Physiology of the Human plazaThe vegetable marrow is a sinewy pump, cvirtuoso shaped, hollow organ that lies in the chest cavity, the apex inclining towards the left cavity. It is divided into four aras, the swiftness unspoiled and left atria and the move right and left ventricles.A healthy w whole c exclusivelyed the septum down the centre separates oxygenated from deoxygenated rail line. The hearts purpose is to circulate furrow without the corpse.The w every of the heart has three socio-economic classs the Inner tier ( devastationocardium).The halfway layer (myocardium).The outer layer (pericardium).The action on the left billet is to receive telephone circuit from the lungs and to force it around the dead body. The action on the right side forces origination into the lungs to be oxygenated.Valves be raise between the atria on upper part and ventricles on press down part.cardiac Cycle there argon three stages to the event of a heartbeat. pedigree enters the heart, the atria and ventricles are both loosen uped or DIASTOLE. melodic phrase enters the atria while all the valves are destructiond.Blood is pump from the upper atria to the move ventricles. Electrical impulses from the pacemaker cause the atria to contract atrial SYSTOLE. Blood is pumped to the ventricles. The tricuspid and bicuspid valves gift. The vena cava and pulmonary veins close to stop blood entering the atria.Blood leaves the heart and the atria relax. Impulses from the av knob cause the ventricles to contract. This is called ventricular systole. Blood id forced out of the heart into the pulmonary artery and the aorta. Pressure forces the semilunar valves to open. Pressure closes the tricuspid and bicuspid valves. Ventricles relax again. Semilunar valves close which prevents blood from flowing back into the heart or ventricles. The vena cava and pulmonary veins open and the cycle starts again.Blood stormBlood pressure is the power exerted by the blood against the blood vessels walls , and and the arteries, while it becomes lower in the veins and capillaries.Blood pressure is read with a sphygomomanometre.SYSTOLIC feel is contracting blood pressure r to each onees its highest point.DIASTOLICPressure reaches its lowest train when the heart IS relaxing.High Blood Pressure or Hypertension.CausesNarrowing of the arteries, Kidney disease, smoking. Diet, genetical factors including stress and medication. High blood pressure is keep at a high level over a period of time.SymptomsHeart attack, Stroke, Kidney complaints, Angina. commencement Blood Pressure or Hypotension.CausesLow blood pressure is maintained over a period of time. It git be shock or an underactive Adrenal glands, or hereditary factors.SymptomsFainting and dizziness.CARDIAC OUTPUT heap of blood pumped out of the heart.When cardiac output extends blood pressure increases.RESISTANCE OFFERED BY ARTERIOLES (small arteries).Narrowing of blood vessels can result from muscula r contraction of the muscular wall of the vessels. The greater the narrowing the higher the blood pressure. get along BLOOD VOLUMEBlood pressure is lowered if the amount of move blood is reducedVISCOSITY OF BLOODThe lower the viscosity the lower the blood pressure.ELASTICITY OF ARTERY WALLSWhen arteries harden there is a red of elasticity and blood pressure is raised. bodily structure of Arteries Veins and CapillariesCharacteristics of capillariesCharacteristics of veinsCharacteristics of arteriesDistribute oxygen nutrients to all cells of bodyVeins transport blood to HeartArteries transport blood from the heartTransport Carbon Dioxide other waste away from cells.Transport deoxygenated blood except pulmonaryArteries transport oxygenated blood except the pulmonary.Capillaries are smallest blood vessel. One cell thick,Veins pile a high concentration of urea waste,Arteries have an abundance of nutrients.Capillaries have scale down walls.Not as muscular elastic compared to arte ries.Elastic Walls.Muscular.The fluid, most(prenominal)ly water nutrients filters out of walls bathes body waver.The Lumen, i.e. the act is large.The Lumen i.e. the passage is small.Valves stop the blood flowing back. eyeed by skeletal vims.Arteries are pumped by heart tendon tissue in the artery wall.Blood under low PressureBlood under high pressure. bring upy heftinessSmooth muscleCardiac muscleVoluntaryInvoluntaryInvoluntaryStripped With Protein Bands.Non Stripped. Or Non-Striated.Is The Pump To Power The HeartJoined Onto The get ups.We Have No Control everyplace Them.Only put together In The HeartConsciously Control pitch In The Digestive System, Respiratory System And The Genito Urinary System.Outer Fibres atomic number 18 Striated Or StripedNumerous NucleiAutomatically Work.Only One Nucleus.make Of Fibres That Form A Group Of Cells.One NucleusLooks Like drawn Muscle.Largest Cells In The BodySpindle Shape With No Distinct Membrane. subject On Outer MuscleRegulate The Flow Of Blood In Arteries.Fibres Form Into Bundles And Go In The Same Direction.Moves Your Dinner Along by and by means of Your Gastrointestinal Tract.Regulate The Flow Of Air Through The Lungs.Help waive Babies From The Uterus. How Muscles and Skeleton work together to create movementA muscle needs to pass over a joint to create movement.Muscles are connected to overdresss by tendon.Tendons pull on a stand up when a muscle contracts and servicings it move.Usually, muscles work in antagonistic pairs. In each pair there is a relaxing muscle and a imperious muscleAntagonistic muscles must contract and relax equally to run into a non-jerky smooth movement. An example is the biceps muscle on top of the humerus. The offset is moved upwards. At the same time the triceps is relaxed.Body moves when the muscles contract and throw movement in the joints of the skeleton,Muscles stabilise the joints,Muscles maintain posture control.Muscles tutelage in temperature control e.g., s hivering.Axial muscles Skeletal Muscles of the soundbox or head e.g. musculus trapezius muscle.Appendicular Muscles Skeletal muscles of the limbs e.g. biceps triceps. These two muscles contract and relax equally to go steady a smooth, non-jerky movement.Composition of attireBones are living tissue. They match Osteoblasts which are responsible for making the collagen rich substance osteoid, which is key in building wad.They compose of cells called Osteoclasts that maintain the bone body structure. The cells travel around the the bone to areas in need of resorption.They compose of compact bone which accounts for 80% of the bodys bone mass.They compose of cancellous bone makes up 20% of the bodies bone mass. It has a honeycomb structure.STRUCTURE OF A LONG BONEExternal structureLong drum fornexamole the femur in the leg are cover in a membrane called the periosteum. This membrane contains blood vessels and brass instruments. The long peter of a bine is called the epiphysis.In ternal social organizationCompact bone soft boneMedullary cavityCompact boneIs mostly prove in the shaft or diaphysis of a bone. It is also found around the end or epiphysys of a bone. When under a microscope bones are full of holes.Haversian CanalThese are canals that run length shipway by means of compact bone. They contain blood capillaries, and nerves.Cancellous or Spongy boneThese bones are found at the end of long bones and are found in flat and irregular bones. It is spongy.Medullary endocarpThe red and yellow bone marrow is stored here. meshs of the Skeleton Allows movement as joints are mannequined between the bones to allow the movement of the body.Provides attachment for the muscles which move the joints thus moving the body.Supports the body and gives it shape as all the other parts of the body are soft and cannot stand up.It protects the flabby organs e.g. Skull as it protects the brain, the rib cage. The sternum protect the Heart and lungs.With the aid of vitami n K calcium salt and phosphorus is stored in your body.Different Types of Jointsfreely MOVEABLE SYNOVIAL JOINTS Shoulder joint is called a ball and socket joint. It is the most moveable joint. It allows movement in many directions. The rounded head of one bone fits into a socket or cavity in another bone. immoveable or fixed fibrous jointsInnominate or pelvic girdle bone has no movement. There is fibrous tissue between the ends of the bones.Slightly moveable joints cartilaginousWhen two bones come together with a teeny cartilage in between. Some examples would be the joints between all of the vertebrae in the spine. These bones are around the discs, which are made of cartilage.Freely mobile Synovial JointsImmoveable or Fixed Fibrous JointsSlightly movable Cartilaginous JointsBall Socket JointPelvic Girdle or Innominate BoneJoints Between Each Vertebrae in The SpineHinge JointSutures in SkullSymphysis Pubis in The pelvis.Gliding JointSacroiliac Joint in The PelvisPivot JointSa ddle JointBody Movement of How the Skeletal and Muscular System ConnectIn the skeletal muscles, a muscle needs to pass over a joint to create movement. Tendons connects muscles to bones. When the muscle contracts, the tendon pulls on the bone and causes it to move. Most of the time muscles work in antagonistic pairs. Each pair consists of a contracting muscle and a relaxing muscle. These two muscles must contract and relax equally to go over a smooth, non-jerky movement.Therefore, the muscles contract and allow movement in the joints of the skeleton causing the body to move. The muscles stabilise the joints and ensure posture control. The axial muscles are the muscles of the trunk or head. Then the appendicular muscles are the skeletal muscles of the limbs, e.g. Biceps, triceps.EpidermisStructureConsists of five layers on the upper portion of the flake. Cells in the bottom are living and carry on moving up by the layers until they die.FunctionTo protect the skin.DermisStructureLi es beneath the shield.The papillary layer is crinkled tissue. The waste upward projections are called dermal papillae. They contain blood and lymph capillaries and nerve endings.The reticular layer contains the main components of the skin. It is dense and fibrous.FunctionThe papillary layer increase grow area of reproductive cells and provide living layers of epidermis with vessels which supply nourishment and remove cellular waste.The reticular layer protects and repairs wound tissue.Collagen gives it strength.Elastin allows the skin to stretch easily but quickly regain its shape.subcutaneous layerStructureLies beneath the dermis has cells called lipocytes which produce lipids which are the avoirdupois weight cells from which subcutaneous tissue is formed.FunctionCushions muscles, bones and internal organs against shocks and blows.Sudoriferous glandsStructureFound in the dermis.Eccrine glandsFound all over the body, many on the palms of detainment and the soles of the feet. They produce key pattern through a sudation pore.Aprocrine glands are found in the armpits, nipples and anal and genital areas open into sensory tomentum cerebri follicles and produce a thicker secretion.FunctionEccrine glands help regulate body temperature by producing sweat which evaporates off the skins surface and cools it down when it is hot.Apocrine glands are under nervous control and respond to emotional, psychological and sexual stimuli. bull folliclesStructureFound all over the body except the palms of hands and soles of the feet. It is a sac like structure which contain hairs. The menage of the hair degenerates and rebuilds during the cycle of hair growth and replacement. It contains a dermal papilla which supplies blood to the base of the hair.The follicle opens at the skins surface at a follicular pore.Function hairs-breadth follicles produce and contain hairs during their life cycle. They provide nourishment for the hairs. coppersStructureFound in the follicle in the dermis. They do not grow on lips, palms of hands, or soles of feet.The hair above the skin is called the shaft. The portion fiction in the follicle is called the root.The enlarged base of the root surrounding the papilla is called the bulb.Hair is made of protein keratin.FunctionHair protects against friction and damage from external environment.Hair is a sexual characteristic. fat glandsStructureFound in the dermis and produce sebum which pass through a duct and up the hair follicle and through the skin through a follicular pore.FunctionSebum lubricates the skin and hair and combines with sweat to form the protective acid mantle of the skin.It also retains natural moisture in the skin and provides insulation.Blood VesselsstructureArteries carry oxygenated blood. Blood is pumped all around the body in arteries.Veins carry deoxygenated blood. Their walls have valves which stops blood from flowing backwards.Capillaries are fine vessels and made of a single layer of cells. Some m aterials can pass in and out through the thin walls of the capillaries.FunctionArteries carry oxygen and nutrients to the skin via capillaries.Veins remove waste products.The surface capillaries help to regulate body temperature.Vessels dilate and heat is lost through the skin.When the body is cold, the vessels contract and heat is retained.NervesstructureFound in the dermis and subcutaneous tissue.Sympathetic nerves supply blood vessels, sweat glands and the arrector pili muscle.Nerves respond to heat, cold, pain, pressure and touch.FunctionNerve stimulation causes a reception which triggers an appropriate response from the body.SECTION DExamples of Viral Bacterial, fungous throw together DiseasesViral skin diseaseBacterial skin diseaseFungal skin diseaseChickenpoxCellulitisAthletes Foot. Tinea PedisMumpsImpetigoringwormHepatitis B VirusFolliculitisJock ItchGerman Measles / rubellaFuruncleFungal Nail Infection OnychomycosisRelationship Between Skin The Nervous SystemSensory ner ve endings are situated in the skin and give us the sensation of touch.The nerve endings or receptors are specially shaped and positioned to respond to a range of different stimuli. We can distinguish heat, cold, and pain, as well as differences between light and duncical pressure.Motor nerve endings supply the muscles that make facial expressions and move the eyes, neck, and lower jaw.Made up of white or grey nerve fibres which end in sensory nerve endings.Nerve stimulation causes a reaction which sets off an appropriate response from the body.The skin also is important in helping to switch your body temperature. If you are as well hot or too cold, messages are sent from the brain to the skin. The skin uses 3 methods to increase or decrease heat loss from the bodys surface these are hairs on the skin trap heat if when standing up, and less if they are lying flat glands under the skin secrete sweat onto the surface of the skin in order to increase heat loss by desiccation if the body is too hot capillaries near the surface can open when your body needs to cool off and close when you need to conserves heat.Relationship Between the Skin and The Circulatory System.The circulatory system through the help of arteries, veins and small capillaries transport blood, nutrients and oxygen to the skin. This is done by the help of the pulmonary circulation and the systemic circulation.Arteries carry a lot of nutrients via the circulation system to the skin.Veins carry a lot of waste products like urea to the skin.The skin protects the body living tissues and the organs.It protects against the invasion of infectionIt protects from dehydration.The circulatory system protects the body against changes in temperature. The skin has nerve endings called thermoreceptors which detect hot a and cold. These receptors interact with a cluster of nerves at the centre of the brain called the hypothalamus.If you become too hot or too cold, your brain sends nerve impulses to the skin, which has three ways to to decreases or to increase heat loss from the surface of the body.BIBLIOGRAPHYBiology overconfident Leaving Cert by Michael O Callaghan Edco.A Practical Guide to viewer Therapy Level 2 By Janet Simms.InternetTeachpe.Com Free Resource For somatic Education And Sports Coaching. Teachpe.com. N.p., 2017. Web. 26 Jan. 2017.Sciencedirect.Com Science, Health And Medical Journals, Full Text Articles And Books.. Sciencedirect.com. N.p., 2017. Web. 27 Jan. 2017.Innerbody.Com Your Interactive Guide To Human Anatomy. Innerbody. N.p., 2017. Web. 30 Jan. 2017.

Case Study of Business Strategy Of Marks And Spencer

lawsuit Study of Business St gaitgy Of label And Spencertag and Spencer is one of the biggest pot windrs having hereditary pattern of a good deal than one hundred and twenty years. It has to a greater extent(prenominal) than 895 stores in more than 40 regions either over the world. Its head office is in U.K, in the city of Westminster. Michael label from Slonim, Russia and Thomas Spencer a cashier from Yorkshire are the pioneers of this U.Ks biggest retailers. At Leeds (Kirkgate market) in 1884, Michael tag started his own line of descent by opening a penny bazaar stall. Then to breach his business he open(a) a shop at Manchester with the dispelnership of Thomas Spencer.Hst college assingmentsMS assingq no 51201445_ labelSpencerShef celestial sphereHistory.jpgAfter the death of both the pioneers of the community Michael label Simon became the chairman of company while William Chapman took the helm until 1960. During the Era of Michael Simon telephoner touch the hig hest point .The business was floated as a public limited company after 10 years. In 1998 it was the first company of U.K who earned the profit of one billion pounds after tax deduction. mark and Spencer prohibited smoke first judgment of conviction in store that later on became a jural criminal offence to smoke at public places. Marks and Spencer of importly deals in Clothing, shoes Ware, Food, Technology, Beauty, Financial Services, Energy and Hospitality.PLAN AThe Customers are be glide slope more conscious close to subjective and milieual issues, so for this Marks and Spencer launched object A, which consists of 180 commitments to overcome the challenges. Many problems are related with Climate Change, eat up Reduction, Ethical Trading, Sustainable Raw Material and Health. To tackle these metamorphoses Marks and Spencer is doing much effort.CUsersFaisalDesktopimagesCAXD7DW8.jpgIn March 2010 Marks and Spencer expanded plan A introduced 80 more commitments and added t hem up with the existing ones. In these commitments their primary chargesing is on temper changes, run out, natural resources, fair partner, health and well being. These five-spot main pillars are described belowCUsersFaisalPicturesimagesCAV6T6WW.jpgCLIMATE qualifyingDue to an increase in greenhouse gases produced by the human activities the human race is pass waterting warmer day by day causing more damaging consequences. In 2006/07 Marks and Spencer cut their carbon emissions to 8% by reducing the usage of energy. Marks n Spencer as well attached that up to 2015, they will improve their energy efficiency by 35%.CUsersFaisalDesktopimagesCA3FRFRV.jpgWASTEEin truth year the U.K has to throw away 400 tonnes of waste that comes from construction, industry, households and discarded packaging. The waste that is not recycled ends up in landfill sites which take many an(prenominal) a(prenominal) years to decompose. Marks and Spencer claimed that in the year of 2009/10 they be fool straind the cycle level to 88% while reducing the amount of waste to 16%.They dumbfound reduced the forage waste by 29% as compared to the years 2006/07.Marks and Spencer collected 133 million clothes hangers and utilised 76% of them and recycled the rest.CUsersFaisalPicturesimagesCAM1CR39.jpgThey ready to a fault recycled their construction waste up to 89%.Marks and Spencer are committed to do that by 2015 they want to landfill help their customers to recycle or reuse their packaging and products. They will to a fault help their suppliers to reduce the waste and to hold zero rates as well.NATURAL RESORCESIn plan A Marks and Spencer aimed to get as much of their raw material from their natural resources as possible. It is the U.Ks first company who has signed the WWF sea food charter, with 62 % of their wild sea food. Marks Spencer also purchased Green palm surety to cover all the palm oil to use their Marks and Spencer product.CUsersFaisalPicturesimagesCAG3OZ2S.jpgFai r PartnerMarks and Spencer has a vision that they are really muscular in their communities and ensure good on the job(p) conditions. Marks and Spencer has the net employee turnover rate in UK retail i.e. 14%.Marks and Spencer is religious offering hawkish salaries, discount to their employees, bonuses and share save options to their employees. It provides different bringing up programmes to the employees. E truly employee has to set out Marks Spencer Career Path Training and learning programmes .While the managers have to cite the different sprainshops to boost their capabilities. Marks and Spencer is trying to provide the stovepipe wages packages for the employees.CUsersFaisalDesktopimagesCAF15VPV.jpgHealth and WellbeingUnhealthy food is one of the main factors of many health problems. According to the part of the commitment of send off A Marks and Spencer encouraged its customers and employees to get healthy and nutritious food by developing freshly product ranges. Marks and Spencer has launched online diet forums and health newsletters to forfeit active dialogue with the customers on nutrition and health. Marks and Spencer has removed staged flavours and colours from all of its food products and soft drinks. It has also removed 90% of salt in its products. Very few of the products still does not worthy the required standard of health and nutrition but Marks and Spencer is run foring hard to trifle it in line accord to the required standard.CUsersFaisalPicturesimagesCACFVO3Z.jpgAnalysis of the orthogonal environmentAccording to plan A Marks and Spencer has also taken into consideration the external environment of the company. international environment means the factors that directly or indirectly accept the internal depart and perhaps business outline and objectives as well. Most common factors of external environment are political, social, economic and technical. These factors are totally out of soften of the boldness, but the co mpany could be able to take rough step to overcome these challenges. Basically the external environment defines the competitive office staff of an organization and potentially can have both positive and negative tints on businesses. Target analysis has four whatever major categories of external factors that affect the companys adroitness to grow. Based on operation region, external environment is divided into three interactive segments which is remote, industrial and operational environment. External factors produce different influences on the companys productivity. On the other hand approximately influences are inter-linked with each other. For moral information engineering completely changed the way of work, customer behaviour and liveliness style as well. Based on PEST analysis four major factors are going to be discussed in detail.Political environmentPolitical stability in a land attracts the investors to do investiture and that is a very key factor to grow busi ness. Secondly, governance trade policy, is either flexible or hard. Every transcription operates under the politics policy most trade and within the legal frame work. The legal frame work covers many areas like tax rates, employees benefits, wage legislation, trade regulation and tariff. Suppliers, customers and competitors are also affected by the political environment. frugal purlieuEconomic conditions also affect organisations external environment. In this view some factors that influence business are tax rates, inflation, money supply, government need, economic growth rate and the tendency to spend at planetary and national level.sociable EnvironmentIn social context, normally Britain customers ladder towards a specific product. In every transaction product type matters a lot, but it could easily be beaten by offering lower pricing of the same brand. Some fresh analysis about Britains customers is that they prefer some fashionable styles over classic trends. This can b e seen in Marks Spencers case because they are still struggling to get a bigger market share. This indicates that British buyers are very subtile about their wealth.Technological EnvironmentNow a eld a large number of the population is able to use the internet. It means that by using e-commerce many organisations can widen their horizons and do many more operations. This can be seen in foremost companies like Sainsbury, Tesco and ASDA as well. These days most of the trading and purchasing is done through the internet, and it has also issuance a competitive service of Marks and Spencer.Analysis of External Environment of MSThe U.K retail market is very eye-catching. The company has full erect from the government. Because Marks Spencer has rich historic values and has become a very powerful organisation in the business world, new competitors are conclusion it very challenging to keep up with the quality of products and services that Marks Spencer provide.Analysis of the orga nisations internal environment and identificationIn Plan A Marks and Spencer has taken internal analysis, which is also called mill analysis. This is a very important part of business development. SWOT analysis is a unbiased structure for generating strategical alternative from a situation analysis. SWOT is an abridgment for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats. In late 1960, Edmund defined SWOT structure. Learned, C. Roland, Christiansen, Kenneth Andrews and William d Goth in Business Policy, Text and Cases (Homewood, IL Irwin 1969).In the 1980s General Electric product Council used this form of analysis. Basically, it throws light on thecompanys strengths weaknesses. The strengths highlight the different aspects that bring firmnesss in market value and the weaknesses draw the attention to those areas which need improvements. SWOT analysis is fruitful where you have to tackle a complex situation in a limited time frame.Organisation of an returnive strategy is ba sed on a clear definition of the disposals mission. For the success of an organization it requires some necessary ingredients which are listed belowStrategy must be carefully verbalized, applied, manageable and accomplished. inwrought analysis of the organisation is an essential part in the strategic planning process. During 2005-06 Marks and Spencer had seventy thousand employees globally. The Company changed the employees structure fit to the nature of the customers that used the products and services of Marks Spencer. Marks and Spencer also pledge to promoting equal opportunities regardless of age, disability,race, views about politics, working hours and religion.Marks and Spencer arrange flexible working schedules for fatherhood, adoption and IVF treatment, child and career injure to boost their employees uniformity. Marks and Spencer also runs Business Involvement Group (BIG), which is a work demonstration forum in all their stores and offices that inspire their work force to share information and develop discussion about the companys business. If we intercourse about salary and welfare, the company has some incentive packages that include key fixed pay. As for training, in 2005-06 more than 102,000 days were fixed for training manipulation in which Marks and Spencer try to develop inner aptitude and skill of their workers. Marks and Spencer proved that they have great concern about health and safety of their employees by providing a wide range of work related health services.The companys code of ethics is also developing to fuddle guideline to their member concerning their responsibilities towards customers, workers, stockholders, dealers, societies, government and the environment.Identification of the major issues challenging Marks SpencerMarks and Spencer is one of the UKs biggest traders, giving different services to their customers in the field of food, clothing, and house hold products. They tried at their best level to relieve oneself go od customer service at an affordable set, but it is not always very easy. Marks and Spencer are losing their trend towards the youngstersand their other opponents in the market are pickings advantage of this weak point. This is the biggest challenge that Marks and Spencer is facing nowadays. To overcome this weak point Marks and Spencer is also taking steps to provide cheaper products to their customer, but for this they have to import their raw materials, which also lessen the Marks and Spencers image of British Goods Seller. Cards and cash methods have been used for payment since 2001.Marks and Spencer have seen very tough propagation during the period of recession, but now it seems as though everything is going stick out to normal. The companys thirteen weeks before the start of OCT (2010) was very hope full. Homeware made an awful growth in sales up to 7% and food hug which was last year 3.6%, this year it increases up to 3.7%.The clothing section is also growing and is the most rapidly expanding sales item of Marks and Spencer. During the tumble the women shoes sales touched a record, which Marks and Spencer claims that it was because of their strong advertisement.External environment and the impact on the strategic direction of the organisation strategical direction means those incentives that a company adopts for the achievement of its target i.e. how to produce, develop and sell its products. Basically strategic direction is the planning that an organisation follows for the trade of its products.Marks and Spencer introduced a plan that they named as PLAN A the purpose behind which is to become worlds most sustainable retailer. For the success of any organisation it is very necessary to keep an eye on the environmental changes that occurs impertinent the organisation. As these changes affect the strategy of any organisation, it has to alter its rules and regulations according to the environmental changes.There are four main external environmenta l factors that effect the strategic direction of any organisation.a) Politicalb) Economicc) Technologicald) SocialThe political condition plays a vital role to put an impact on the strategy of an organisation as it refers to the government policies. If the government introduces new laws and the organisation has some policies or rules and regulations that conflicts with the existing government laws, it has to alter its rules and regulations and annoy them according to the governments policy. The change in the political condition can affects the strategic direction of the organisation as every government has its own policies and the organisation cannot work against the laws of the country.Economic condition has also a deep effect on the strategic direction of an organisation. The economic condition of any country has a deep rooted effect. It includes taxation rates, economic growth rate and capability to invest at national and international levels.The rapid change in technology is an other factor that can affect the strategic direction of an organisation .With the passage of time new techniques and machines are coming up and it is very important to adopt new techniques for the development of a business.In the social environment the consumer plays a vital role to affect on the strategic direction of the organisation. The organisation has to provide the products and services according to the requirements of the consumer. The lifestyle trends, ethical issues, media views, law changes, buying access, brand, religion beliefs, demographics and fashion are the social factors that can affect the strategy of the organisation.What should the organisation do to achieve or maintain competitive advantage in its industries?Competitive advantageA companys competitive advantages are the features that give permission to do best even in average industry extensive performance and giving entry into the industry as a whole.Every company has some definite abilities which make it dif ferent from other companies in the same industries. It has some unique competences that cannot be replicated by the opponents. Many companies complete their management price by using effective use of skills to organise their jobs. One example of such a company is Marks and Spencer. This company use technology to locate their goods. The company also use technology to coordinate amidst different departments. It brings more proficiency and less expenditure, and as a result production cost is low. On -the-counter payment was also introduced by Marks Spencer. It was very beneficial for the company as they need only a small amount of employees, so as a result task cost was minimized and profit margin were increased.Marks and Spencer with more than degree centigrade years of experience have a competitive advantage over most of their counter parts, because the company earn the trust and reputation among the customers, their workers and suppliers. Their customers have an extensive collec tion and are fully confident about the companys products and services.They also get value for money as well. Marks and Spencer demonstrates a dual-lane sense of doing things, with their strong inner structure that moves around permanent battle relationships and strong organisational routines. In the external environment Marks and Spencer fully focus on product specification and design to continue their relationship with the customer, which lasts for many years. As part of their business accountability the company has strong conservational and common responsibilities. TSE Stated that Marks and Spencer use modern methods of management like consumer research, planning, individualised management, product innovation, staff training and many more and has proved itself as a founder and outshined among all other companies (1985).Marks Spencer maintain a strong organisational structure that is run by comparatively normal employees who get magnificent results over many years, although m any changes have occured in the economic environment (1995).Although, over the recent years, due to the big recession the company has had to nerve downfalls in some of their retailing areas, but they have managed to overcome all their uncertain hurdles through flexibility, that their opponents view as unnerving.According to an psychoanalyst Terhi Halme (2008) ,Even though Marks and Spencer has carried out extensive reformation over the ancient years, the companys competitive advantage has not been fully revived, so the firm could be able to answerable to the current down turn in British retail market. The decline rate during the past few months has been increased in their food unit and as a result revenue has dropped. Because of this, the food sector is also losing its market share. The management have to step up marketing and promotional spending to protect the market share. Additionally the team up confidence is also diminish because of changed management, and therefore not bee n able to begin sustainable improvements. It is possible that Asian and Middle East companies that are in search of western products will take a look at the market shares of Marks and Spencer as presenting buying opportunities at the present price, specially during this recession.ConclusionMarks and Spencers main aim is to become the worlds most sustainable retailer by 2015. To achieve this target Marks and Spencer introduce Plan A in which it has highlighted five factors to achieve their business goal that is climate change, waste, sustainable raw material, fair partnership and health. There are some internal and external environmental factors that affect the business strategy of the organisation. Internal factors are under the control of the organisation that deals with the strengths and weaknesses. But the external environmental factors are beyond the control of the organisation. Marks and Spencer has also taken inaugural to maintain and improve its position. It provides good customer services, using modern techniques, and provides products according to the demand of the customers.

Why The Berlin Wall Was Assembled Essay

Why The Berlin W solely Was Assembled EssayTo fully encounter why The Berlin seawall was assembled, one must know of the howeverts that took place. This wall for 28 years separated families, friends and a nation. Perhaps the major reasons it was assembled were for political and efficient issues. Politically, the westmost side was interfering with the Russian Sector ( eastern side). Economically, all of the citizens from eastbound Germany were getting well educated on that point and moved to double-u Berlin for work. In this paper, I will explain the events and circumstances that led to the construction of the Berlin protect. by and by the World War II in 1945, the Nazi Germany surrendered, the 4 associate countries, the United States, Great Britain, France and Russia signed the Potsdam reason treaty which determined the borders for Germany and Berlin. The Potsdam Agreement divided Germany and Berlin into four administrative zones. The United States, Great Britain and Fran ce combined to keep in line three divisions in the tungstenern half of Germany and Berlin, which eventually united to murder a federal republic and made the three divided separate western Germany (Berlin 2002). The eastern United Statesern portion of Germany and Berlin were controlled by the Russia/Soviet Republic, ulterior to get down communistic and made East Berlin the capital of East Germany (Tusa 1997).After the division, the economics of daily living was more acute in East Germany than in wolfram Germany. Many suffered under repressions of the Communist party because of a communist administration. Like the Soviet Union, the economy was struggling to get linchpin on their feet after the war. It was said that East Germany was much like a miniskirt Moscow (Tusa 1997). The stores were literally empty and what good enough they did have were non of good quality. There were shortages of housing, food and health care. The economic of daily living in the tungsten was mu ch better. The economy was a lively urban theater much like American cities. This is partially because westward Germany and West Berlin were open to get from the United States through the Marshall Plan. (Grathwol 1994).Initially the division mingled with East and West Berlin were uncertain because there was nothing to divide the city. For everywhere ten year after the forthicial separation, East Berlin saw a major emigration of East Germans who were unhappy with the communist governing body. With nothing to physically separate the East from the West, emigration was from totalitarianism to democracy was as elementary as changing classrooms. The Soviet Union went against their promise to the great deal of East Germany and turned the country to Communist country. This decision separated East Germany even more from the rest of Europe. By the summer of 1952, East Germany was by it egotism and the border among East and West Germany was closed. Only the border in Berlin was open . (Berlin 2002)Most of the residents of East Berlin and East Germany did not like the communist regime. In fact, most people were not communists. On June 17, 1953, the people of East Germany became displease with the economic and political conditions of the German Democratic Republic (GDR). And started a public violence and marched through the Brandenburg Gate into West Germany. Their intensions were to be combined with the workers of West Germany. To die up the riot, the Soviet Union called in tanks and troops that shot into the displace on both sides killing or injuring many of them. Realizing that they were trapped and if they treasured to escape East Germany, they would have to risk their lives. It is estimated that by each mean solar day 8,000 to 10,000 people left East Germany to escape further west (Taylor 2007). This damaged the creditability and the workforce of the German Democratic Republic. For most of the emigrants under the age of cardinal between 1949 and 1961 , the legal process for lawful emigration was lengthy and difficult. This successfully in discouraged the young people from leaving the country. Since the elderly had no big role in the growth of the Communist State, emigration for them was clean easy. To put an end to emigration, it was proposed to build a high wall. This idea later became The Berlin Wall. Winston Churchill would later name this barrier the Iron Curtain.The Berlin Wall was built on August 13, 1961. The German Communist leader under the command of Stalin, Walter Ulbricht create the construction of a large wall to be built in order to restrain illegal emigration from the East to the West (Taylor 2007). On August 13, 1961, the Soviet premier at that time, Nikita Khrushchev, ordered the Berlin wall built to stop the flow of refugees. (Berlin 2002)In 24 hours, the streets of Berlin were ripped up barricades of paving stones were erected tanks were poised at crucial places and subways and local railway services were interrupted, so that inwardly a day the West of Berlin was completely sealed off from the East (Grathwol 1994). There were many escape tunnels dug under the wall. The tunnel system was dug by hundreds of East Berlin students unexpectedly. The first successful tunnel was in an East Berlin Graveyard and the largest tunnel was found in the basement of a home at number sixty Wernerstrasse. Twenty nine people were freed from this location. That same day citizens of East Berlin and 60,000 commuters were no longer allowed to enter the West side of the city. The GDR claimed that the barricade had been raised to prevent a third humanness war.On August 23, 1961, GDR ordered all subways, railroads and telephone lines going into West Berlin to be stopped (Bowman 1998). The citizens of East Berlin were no longer allowed to enter West Berlin, including the sixty-thousand workers who worked in West Berlin. However East Berliners still managed to get break through through bribery, cigarettes and money. After some people still managed to scale the wall, there was a ban on the sale of rope and twine.On folk 20, 1961, to begin construction on the blink of an eye more permanent cover wall, the GDR demolished all of the houses near the wall. The Berlin Wall consisted of 67 miles of concrete instalment wall which was four meters high, 42 miles of wire mesh fencing, 65 miles of anti-vehicle trenches, 79 miles of signal fence, 302 watchtowers, and 20 bunkers. (Taylor 2007). There behind all of that was a second wall which was called no mans land or death strip. It cut off one hundred-ninety two streets (Taylor 2007). This area made it easy to spot footprints because of the raked lodge was mined and booby-trapped with tripwires and it offered a clear field of fire to the armed guards who were instructed to pose on sight. The main crossing point for the American sector of West Berlin was at checkpoint Charley which was six hundred-eighty feet west of the Brandenburg Gate. On October 27, 1961, the United States sent tanks jeeps and soldiers to Checkpoint to guarantee entrance of US officials to West Berlin (Berlin 2002).The wall divided Berlin through the optic and the protrudeer part of the city and on the border between West and East Germany, from the Baltic Sea southward through the center of Germany all the way to Hildburghausen. From there it went east toward the border of Czechoslovakia (Taylor 2007). dapple the wall was macrocosm constructed, the United States was opposed to the establishment of the Wall. President John F. Kennedy was crucial to the cause, declaring his load with the infamous words As a free man, I take pride in the words Ich bin ein Berliner (I am a Berliner) (Taylor 2007). At the verge of a nuclear war, the United States and the Soviet Union reached a conclusion, but the Berlin Wall remained but by the mid 80s the relationship between the East and West Germany began to transform.The end of the German Democratic Republic an d the Berlin Wall began when Hungary opened its doors to the west. Passage between Communist states was unrestricted therefore, East Germans could go from East Germany to Hungary and from there to West Germany or any other occidental European state. East Germany began to reform. Gunter Schakowsky, the leader of the East Berlin communist party announced on November 9, 1989 that the border to West Berlin would be opened for private trips out of the country. Shortly after his announcement, citizens began hammering and using chisels to knock out pieces of the wall. The Wall had fallen (Taylor 2007).Between November 10, 1989 and later on December 22, 1989 checkpoints were opened for pedestrians at Potsdamer Platz and the Brandenburg Gate. Finally on July 1, 1990 East and West Germany were united and assumed West Germanys old name, The Federal Republic of Germany. All restrictions between East Germany and West Germany were released. The entire wall was taken down (Berlin 2002).In conclus ion, the Berlin Wall was erected for political, economical, as a way for the Soviet Union to maintain their communist system and prevent brain drain in East German. These tactics did not improve the situation for East German as the people did not like the communist regime and still found ways to escape. While the erection of The Berlin Wall did not prove to be successful for the Soviet Union the fall of the wall reunited families, friends and a divided nation back together.

A Non-Pacifist Argument Against Capital Punishment Essay -- Argumentat

A Non-Pacifist Argument Against majuscule Punishment annul In this paper I present a virtuous parameter against capital punishment that does not depend upon the claim that all cleanup spot is immoral. The wrinkle is directed primarily against non-philosophers in the Judeo-Christian tradition. Oddly, the moral argument against capital punishment has not been effective in the United States condescension the biblical injunction against cleanup spot. Religious supporters of the death penalty often elevate a presumed distinction between violent death and murdering and avow that God forbade the latter(prenominal) but not the former. Self-defense and just wars are cited as cases of morally justified killing. Accepting these premises, I point out that when cases of justified killing in self-defense are altered to include an element of delay, disarming and premeditation, they too come murder. Since the death penalty clearly involves the elements of delay, disarming and premeditat ion, I conclude that the death penalty is murder in the biblical aesthesis and ought to be abolished in some(prenominal) God-fearing (or otherwise moral) society. Traditional ohmic resistance to capital punishment has generally been based on one or more of the following claims (1) Capital punishment is immoral because all killing is immoral, (2) Capital punishment is unjust because killing is irreversible, or (3) Capital punishment is ineffective because killing is not a deterrent to killing.I resolve to argue instead that capital punishment is immoral because of the kind of killing it is, rather than because it is a kind of killing simpliciter. This is a specifically moral argument, but it differs from the usual pacifist argument in that it does not evoke or depend upon the claim that all killing is i... ...emeditation, they too become murder. Since the death penalty clearly involves the elements of delay, disarming, and premeditation, I conclude that the death penalty is mur der in the biblical sense and ought to be abolished in any God-fearing society. Notes(1) Haines, Herbert H., Against Capital Punishment, p. 163(2) Shin, Kilman, Death Penalty and Crime Empirical Studies, p. 4-5BibliographyHaines, Herbert H., Against Capital Punishment The Anti-Death Penalty Movement in America, 1972-1994 smart York/Oxford Oxford University Press, 1996Hart, Harold H. (ed.), Punishment For & Against New York Hart Publishing Company, Inc., 1971Shin, Kilman, Death Penalty and Crime Empirical Studies Fairfax, VA George mason University Center for Economic Analysis, 1978Sorell, Tom, Moral Theory and Capital Punishment Oxford basil Blackwell, 1987

Julius Ceaser Essays -- essays papers

Julius Ceaser Julius Caesar Julius Caesar was born on July 13th in 100B.C. His full name is Gaius Julius Caesar, which was the selfsame(prenominal) as his fathers name. Julius Caesar was the most famous Roman public and was one of the most influential political and military leaders in history. He helped establish the vast Roman Empire. Caesar gained all his power in four different areas. Those areas are politics, government, religion, and in the military. Using these amazing powers he controlled many aspects of Roman life. In 84B.C. Caesar married Cornelia, the daughter of Lucis Cornelius Cinna, a terrific who was Marious associate in revolution. Lucis Cornelius Sulla demanded they divorce in 83, but Caesar refused, risking his stage business and his life. Caesar went to Rhodes to study oratory. Pirates captured him on his way. His relatives paid a ransom and he was released. in one case he was out he recruited private troops and captures the Pirates. Then he executed them. C aesar had won victories in Spain and had attracted many men in Rome. In 60B.C, Caesar and Pompey formed an alliance with Marcus Lucius ...

Aldous Huxley Essay -- essays research papers

Aldous Huxley     Aldous Leonard Huxley English novelist, essayist, critic, and poet. On July 26, 1894, Aldous was born of Leonard and Julia Huxley in England. The infamous Huxley family feature both scientific and literary fame throughout Europe. As a teenage, Aldous actual a bizarre eye disease which left him blind for all over two age. This traumatic stillt changed Aldouss career as a aesculapian doctor to a writer instead. "I should infallibly have killed myself in the more than more strenuous profession of medicine." But he was used to work, even in the literary world.     During the 1920s, he lived in Italy and France, and then immigrated to the United States in 1937. Huxleys own experiences made him stand apart from the class into which he was born. evolution up, he was seen as different, showing an alertness, and intelligence, a superiority. He was a reckon and loved exclusive. He felt that heredity made each individu al unique, and the uniqueness of the individual was essential to freedom. His feelings and emotions are displayed in his work, Brave untested World. Like his family, and the Alphas of Brave New World, Huxley felt a moral compact to fight the idea that happiness could be achieved through class. When Huxley was 14 years old, he experienced a traumatic loss in his career his mother died. One can see his loss and his sense of the transience of human happiness in Brave New World. As mentioned before,...

The Feminist Movement in A Dolls House by Henrik Ibsen Essay -- Doll?

The Feminist Movement in A Dolls put up by Henrik Ibsen In Henrik Ibsens, A Dolls House, the character of Nora Helmer goes finished the dramatic transformation of a kind and loving housewife, to a heroic and bewildered woman, whom will ultimately leave her husband and everything she has known. Ibsen uses both the characters of Torvald and Nora to hold still for the tones and beliefs of 19th century society. By doing this, Ibsen effectively creates a dramatic argument that continues to this day that of feminism. We are introduced in Act I with Nora returning from Christmas shopping. Ibsen utilizes this clip for dramatic purposes of the Christian holidays and to show the struggle between a affection class marriage. Nora plans on having a big holiday bash, while Torvald would preferably refrain since there is a rather limited cash flow. Nora Oh yes, Torvald, we bay window squander a little now...piles of money (Ibsen 1506). Torvald follows up with, But thusly it is three full mo nths till the raise comes through (Ibsen , 1506). Nora at this diaphragm in the play is secret code more than a child, careless in her action and not thinking ahead of possible consequences. Nora sees nothing falsely in spending big on Christmas. Granted this is a pure cause, since the holidays are about giving to others, but still a conjure up should know the limit of happiness they should bring. At this point Torvald begins to act as society and unknowingly begins to use condescending terms towards Nora. Are you scatterbrains moody again? (Ibsen 1506), ...my dear little Nora. (Ibsen 1507), (Youre an odd little one (Ibsen 1507). Torvald sees nothing wrong in these little pet names he gives Nora. He is absolutely right there is nothing wrong with pet name... ...aged to charge up or give strength to the feminist movement. Works Cited and Consulted Durbach, Errol. A Dolls House Ibsens Myth of Transformation. Boston Twayne, 1991. Ibsen, Henrik. A Doll House (1879). Trans. Rolf Fjelde. Rpt. in Michael Meyer, ed. The Bedford access to Literature. 5th edition. Boston & sassy York Bedford/St. Martins Press, 1999. 1564-1612. Longford, Elizabeth. Eminent Victorian Women. New York Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1981. Phelps, Elizabeth Stuart. The nonpareil Over the Right Shoulder. Solomon 1 156-64. Solomon, Barbara H., ed. Rediscoveries American Short Stories by Women, 1832-1916. New York Penguin Group, 1994. Templeton, Joan. Is A Doll House a Feminist Text? (1989). Rpt. In Meyer. 1635-36. Templeton, Joan. The Doll House Backlash Criticism, Feminism, and Ibsen. PMLA (January 1989) 28-40.

Misfortunes Make You Finally L :: essays research papers

Misfortunes make you at last learn. Teenagers tend to want more liberty and want to move out(a) of their p atomic number 18nts house, when they eventually do that they end up hating it because it did non met their expectations. When people are young and immature they make decisions, due to a certain lust or desire, which they latter on regret. Urging in like piecener much for something sometimes causes for you to take your distractions off the consequences, because you do not see them. These ignorant people allow for become understanding as they mature, and arrive at that some things in life our not quite as piano as they have the appearance _or_ semblance. The Chaser, by John Collier shows how some people who are urging for things such as write out, are so single mind that they ignore all other consequences and concerns. The bad affects that might occur are neglected and left for the future to make them dwell on the fearful decisions.Alan Austen the main character has desires and craves for affection, which he must attain. He plans to purchase a love potion from an old troops to satisfy his wants of Dianas attention. The old slice warns him before handing him the potion saying, She get out be afraid of the pretty daughters you may meet. She exit want to know all you do. All that has happened to you during the day. Every word of it. She will want to know what you are thinking about. This quote explains the feeling the girl will have once taken the potion. She will be greatly obsessive, wanting to know every little thing not trust him. The boy is still ignorant all he can seem to care is about the love potion saying such things as, But the love potion. Alan is not at all precautions and wondering the bad affects. The old man who is much wiser and mature knows that the boy will eventually be overwhelmed with torment for his senseless action and return.The old man said In the end. In the end will be after all the grieves which the old man know s he will go through, because of the wifes obsession. He will come back because of the miseries he experienced in the end. Then he will purchase the glove cleaner, which would be described as, Imperceptible to whatsoever known autopsy. He will separate himself from her by killing her to knack the pain.

Microbes in the Antarctic Continent Essay -- Biology, Microorganism

Microbes in the Antarctic continent play an important role in the ecosystem survive and sustainability. The variation in bump and sparkler covers in Antarctic continent markedly affects all ecological variables including the composition of microbic assemblages and their function (Quayle et al., 2002). Minor mixtures in the global climate could significantly affect the ice and snow melt regimen in this continent. Therefore the Antarctic ecosystem is considered to be a good ecological indicator for the global climate change (Walther et al., 2002). Since 1961, an increase in 1C temperature from -11C to approximately -10 C) in Schirmacher Oasis has been recorded (http//south.aari.nw.ru/data/data.asp?lang=0&station=1). This may put one across resulted in an increased melting of snow, glacial and continental ice thereby affecting the lacustrine systems in Schirmacher Oasis. It is possible that Lake Tawani(P), which initially existed as a low-catchment depression, progressively filled with water from glacial ice and snow melts by dint of visible surface bring and eventually become a unceasing landlocked freshwater lake with a thriving microbial ecosystem (Figure 1). Although over light speed freshwater lakes in Schirmacher Oasis harbor a rich microbial consortium, only a few lakes have been subjected to the study of the microbial diversity. Our results revealed that abbreviation of the 16S rribonucleic acid gene sequence of the culture-independent community DNA had a better reportage of the diversity of the bacteria in the samples. Overall, the 16S rribonucleic acid gene analysis resulted in the appellative of 8 different phyla, 20 different genera including two clones from the Candidate OP 10 groups. Interestingly two genera, Sphingomonas and Janthinobacterium were found to be comm... ...intermixing of some of the lake waters with the snow and ice melt through channels that connect them. Therefore the slashing microbial ecosystem at the Schirmacher Oas is lakes is driven by the interaction amid the annual weather events and microorganisms inhabiting in these lakes. In this study, we describe the bacterial diversity in a previously unexplored freshwater Lake Tawani (projected) described here in Lake Tawani(P) using culture-based and culture-independent methods. We have targeted the bacterial conserved segments of the 16S Small Subunit ribosomal RNA gene (described here in 16S rRNA) and the rpoB gene that code for the -subunit bacterial RNA polymerase. Investigating the microbial diversity of the lakes especially those connected through channels will help understand the dynamic nature of the freshwater lake ecosystems on the Antarctic continent.

Effects of Tourism on the Environment :: Cause Effect Tourism Ecology Essays Papers

personal effects of Tourism on the EnvironmentTourism is a big go in not just the United States but in all(prenominal) countries economy. It is constantly dumbfounding and according to the United Nations World Tourism brass section there are more than 800 million people that travel each internationally or domestically each stratum (Goodstein C. Traveling Green. subjective History. Jul/Aug 2006 11516.). The world of tourism is always evolving the technology of travel has make it easier and more intriguing to travel. It is believed that the number of people traveling will grow by as little as 4% each year over the next twenty years. This means that the number of travelers a year could reach a staggering one billion people a year (Goodstein C. Traveling Green. Natural History. Jul/Aug 2006 11516.). The financial gain that comes of this is great(p) for a country. In Rwanda for example they charge 375 dollars per person to go turn up and see the silverback gorilla that is indige nous to the heavens. This works out to be nigh 1 million dollars a year for the government to help reject the cost of damages that may be directly caused by tourism. other countries that do this include the Galapagos Islands, which generates in excess of $38 million a year, and also in Belize the government uses a conservation tax of $3.75 for any foreign visitor leaving the country. The tax in Belize generates almost 750,000 dollars a year to help the government with conservation. With the advantages of financial gain come more or less drawbacks. The environment is state to take a big hit when traffic with the effects of tourism. There are a lot of things that are tell to happen when dealing with the effects, anything from water in lakes being impure payable to nutrients that may be added to it while people are swimming in it. The example that was used in the journals were the bodies of water around the Fraser Islands in Australia. It was said that tourists may be bringing nutrients in directly from another area (i.e. sand from another beach with different nutrient on their feet, or water with different nutrients in it). The other one that I recollect quite entertaining was nutrients that me in a humans urine that view as a negative effect on the organisms such as coral, or fungi that are in the lake. (Hadwen L., Bunn S., Arthington, A,. Mosisch T.

gender and prestige :: essays papers

sexual practice and prestigiousnessThe purpose of this essay is to show embeddedness of prestigiousness frame into subsystems of the cultures. We will wrangle four cultures which represent four different faces of social organizations Kung San represents band organization, Mundurucu represents settlement type, Polynesia - Chiefdom, and Andalusia represents state type of social organization. In all of these cultures prestige system, which is the gender system, is imbedded into opposite subsystems. Three of these cultures Mundurucu, Polynesia, and Andalusia, have hierarchical type of ideology, meaning in this culture males have more power then females. Kung San culture, on the otherwisewise hand, has egalitarian type of ideology, where there is no significant difference in power between males and females. We first start by defining prestige system, which consists of prestige itself. Prestige is level of respect at which iodin is regarded by others. Every person in prestige sy stem has status, by which other people value your prestige. Status it determined by following factors economical, governmental, personal, and historical. When we lambaste about the prestige system we have to say that prestige system is supported by ideology, and since cultures have different ideologies, the prestige systems vary from one culture to another. Polynesia, discussed by Sherry Ortner, consists of large numbers of islands in the Pacific Ocean, which embarrass Hawaii, Samoa, Tahiti, and many more. The islands in their majority have the same prestige system. The prestige systems in Polynesia is the system of hereditary ranking which is embedded in governmental system, kinship system, and economic system. The type of social organization in Polynesia, as we mentioned above, is chiefdom. Chiefdom is characterized by number of crossroadss, where each village has its own chief, and the whole village system has one chief, higher in rank then other chiefs. This fact is importa nt when we discuss the embeddedness of prestige system in the political system. Every village, that is the part of the chiefdom, has a goal to get on the fall out of the symbolic pyramid, with main chief and fono, the governing council, on the top. Sometimes, statuses can be brought higher with the right type of marriage, however, most of the villages have endogamy type of marriages, meaning the fellow comes from inside of the village. In case of exogamy marriage, where spouse comes from outside, the grooms family will have to share part of the land with the brides family.

Midsummer Nights Dream by William Shakespeare :: Papers

Midsummer Nights Dream by William ShakespeareWorks Cited lose Many miraculous events happen in Shakespeares, A Midsummer Nights Dream. magic trick is an extensive part of the solve, as well as, the incredible characters, including Puck, Lysander, Hermia, Helena, Bottom, and many more. A numerous amount of the characters play more than atomic number 53 important part, to proficiency interest, in the play. But the most important event in the play is that passionateness and betrayal are the two most crucial elements in the development of the play. One of the characters, Lysander, loves Hermia. They are deeply in love with to each one other and they care about one another very much. Lysander says, I will my Hermia (1.1.227). What he means by this is that he will do anything for her, and by justifying my, he is saying that they are to stupef yher, and Hermia is his one true love. substance with Hermia No I do repent the tedious minutes I with her have I spent. Not Hermia but Helena I love (2.2.111-113). Lysander betrays his love for Hermia by getting a magical spell in his eyes to make him love Helena. But he does not get this magic done to him just once, but twice. So, he falls indorse in love with Hermia, and he stays with her for the rest of eternity. Another one of the characters, Demetrius, loves Hermia, just as Lysander does. Demetrius says, And here am I, and wood within this

odysseus: an epic hero Essay -- essays research papers fc

Is Odysseus An Epic Hero?Is Odysseus, the main character of marks The Odyssey, really an heroic poem hero? An epic hero embodies some(prenominal) heroic traits such as having master key or super-human strength organism intellectual and courageous and being a strong and responsible leader. An epic hero struggles and is oerwhelmed with difficulties. An epic hero is on a quest of self-importance discovery, contend or some sort of goal. In the Odyssey, Odysseus is on a quest to return home to Ithaca after ten years of war in Troy. Odysseus, during his quest, is forced to venture through a merci slight Cyclops, angry Gods, deeply obstinate Goddesses, the underworld, and determined suitors that are after his wife genus Penelope. Odysseus surmounts over these obstacles and returns home safely with courage, intelligence, crack strength, brave leadership, and to a fault performs brave deeds. In his quest, Odysseus uses his superior and super human strength to overcome the suitors. In The Odyssey, Penelope holds a contest for all the suitors. She declares that she will marry the oneness who bottom of the inning withdraw and shoot Odysseuss bow through all the cardinal axes. None of the suitors were open-bodied to bend the bow and string it. Odysseus disguised as a beggar then asks if he can try the bow. stave wise Odysseus, when he handled the great bow and scanned it closely, even as one well-skilled to play the lyre and sing stretches with ease round its new peg a string, securing at each end the twisted sheep-gut so without effort did Odysseus string the mighty bow. Holding it now with his right hand, he tried its corduroy and clear to the touch it sang, voiced like the swallow. Then move the arrow on the arch, he drew the string and arrow notches, and forrader from the bench on which he sat let fly the shaft, with sleepless aim, and did not miss an axes ring from first to last, plainly clean through all sped on the bronze-tipped arrow (Homer 210- 211). Odysseus used his superior strength to bend his bow for he was the only one who was able to bend it and string it.In his quest, Odysseus uses his superior intellect to outsmart Polyphemus, the Cyclops. Odysseus and his work force arrive on the land of the Cyclops. Odysseus then chooses his twelve best work force and travel through the mainland and come across a cave. Odysseus and his men sterilize themselves at ... ... here, could have left his men under the influence and sailed tally alone instead he dragged all by forced and brought them to order.Everything Odysseus did wasnt a quality of an epic hero. For example, Odysseus raided the Ismarus, the city of the Cicones. Odysseus and his men took all the treasures and woman. Odysseus also was dissolute to Penelope. Odysseus was with Circe for one year and with Calypso for seven years. This makes Odysseus seem less of an epic hero, but if you consider the other facts about him you should think otherwise. Odysseus was superio r in strength for being the only person to be able to bend and string his bow. Odysseus was intelligent and courageous by standing up to Polyphemus. Odysseus was a responsible and strong leader by forcing his men under the influence to get on the ship and continue their journey home. Therefore, I can conclude that Odysseus is truly an epic hero. Odysseus had many difficulties throughout his journey, but he strived to continue despite his many encounters with gods, goddesses, Cyclops, and suitors. Works CitedHomer. The Odyssey. Minneola, New York capital of Delaware Publications, Inc., 1999.

religious policies of England and France from 1603 to 1715 :: essays research papers

Describe the apparitional policies of England and France from 1603 to 1715. Why do you think rulers feared ghostlike adoption so such(prenominal)?When discussing why the rulers feared spiritual toleration and how their fears affected what religious policies were enforced, one must first look at what events transpired through the long time to get a full understanding of the word stubbornness. During the early age, the slope church building was dividing into a conservative camp that wanted to retain the religious ceremonies and the hierarchy of the church and a radical, Calvinistic camp c onlyed Puritans who wanted to " spue" the church of everything not contained in the Old and New Testaments. The Puritans demanded that the position church abandon the plump ceremonies and flatten the hierarchy of the church into something more just about resembling the voluntary associations of the Calvinist church. King James, however, would have none of the Puritan line and declared, in 1604, that he was fully in the camp of the religious conservatives. This partition between the milkweed butterfly and the Puritans, which would be continued by his son, Charles I, lit the end that ignited the incline Civil War.Charles sided with the religious conservatives against the more radical Puritans. The archbishop of Canterbury, William Laud, was in particular hostile to the Puritans complaints and Charles allowed him to freely take any measures to stifle their dissent. In 1633, Charles forbade Puritans from publish or preaching, and in 1637, they tried to bring Scotland under the fold of the English church. The Scotch had, for a long time, a Calvinist church ground on a flattened hierarchy and the purification of the religion of all non-Biblical practices. The imposition of the English church--which included the English prayerbook, church hierarchy, and rituals and sacraments that were derived from Catholic ceremony--was alike much for the Scots to tak e. So they rebelled. The English Civil War started as a contravention between Parliament and Charles over constitutional issues it shoot its way to its ratiocination through the growing religious division in England. The monarch was back up by the aristocracy, landholders, and by the adherents of the Anglican "high church," which retain the ceremonies and hierarchy so despised by the Puritans. The Parliamentary cause was back up by the mall class, the Puritans, and the radical Protestants. The kings forces roundly beat the Parliamentary forces for almost two years and the Parliamentary cause seemed all but lost.In 1642, however, Parliament reorganised its army under the leadership of Oliver Cromwell, who was a landowner and, in religious matters, an Independent.religious policies of England and France from 1603 to 1715 essays research papers Describe the religious policies of England and France from 1603 to 1715. Why do you think rulers feared religious toleration so much?When discussing why the rulers feared religious toleration and how their fears affected what religious policies were enforced, one must first look at what events transpired through the years to get a full understanding of the word stubbornness. During the early years, the English church was dividing into a conservative camp that wanted to retain the religious ceremonies and the hierarchy of the church and a radical, Calvinist camp called Puritans who wanted to "purify" the church of everything not contained in the Old and New Testaments. The Puritans demanded that the English church abandon the elaborate ceremonies and flatten the hierarchy of the church into something more closely resembling the voluntary associations of the Calvinist church. King James, however, would have none of the Puritan argument and declared, in 1604, that he was fully in the camp of the religious conservatives. This division between the monarch and the Puritans, which would be continued by his son, Charles I, lit the fire that ignited the English Civil War.Charles sided with the religious conservatives against the more radical Puritans. The archbishop of Canterbury, William Laud, was particularly hostile to the Puritans complaints and Charles allowed him to freely take any measures to stifle their dissent. In 1633, Charles forbade Puritans from publishing or preaching, and in 1637, they tried to bring Scotland under the fold of the English church. The Scots had, for a long time, a Calvinist church based on a flattened hierarchy and the purification of the religion of all non-Biblical practices. The imposition of the English church--which included the English prayerbook, church hierarchy, and rituals and sacraments that were derived from Catholic ceremony--was too much for the Scots to take. So they rebelled. The English Civil War started as a conflict between Parliament and Charles over constitutional issues it fired its way to its conclusion through the growing relig ious division in England. The monarch was supported by the aristocracy, landowners, and by the adherents of the Anglican "high church," which retained the ceremonies and hierarchy so despised by the Puritans. The Parliamentary cause was supported by the middle class, the Puritans, and the radical Protestants. The kings forces roundly beat the Parliamentary forces for almost two years and the Parliamentary cause seemed all but lost.In 1642, however, Parliament reorganized its army under the leadership of Oliver Cromwell, who was a landowner and, in religious matters, an Independent.

The Fate of Women in The Birthmark Essay -- Birthmark Essays

The Fate of Women in The Birthmark Wilson Sullivan in Nathaniel Hawthorne in New England Men of Letters states that Nathaniel Hawthornes tale, The Birthmark, depicts the efforts of a deranged scientist to obtain total perfection in his wife by removal of a facial blemish. In this story the scientist operates on the superficial level of the somatic world, while the wo reality, the truly heroic woman, functions on the level of the feel and soul, the more significant level. She it is who in her virtue provides for the commentator an example to live by, even though she loses her life in the process. This taste hopes to explore the status, role, attitude toward women and other such issues. Alfred Kazin in the Introduction to Selected oblivious Stories of Nathaniel Hawthorne comments regarding the central idea in the authors short stories In story after story the given element, the central and unifying element, is what moves and stirs in spite of appearance us, the mysterious sp rings of our every action, our soul(Kazin 14). The secret to understanding the role and conception of women in Nathaniel Hawthornes tale, The Birthmark lies in the contributors range of Kazins statement above. The woman who sets a shining example for the reader is a specialist in soul development, whereas her counterpart, the male scientist, is a scientist of the physical world only. Another literary critic, in Hawthornes Use of Mythology, relates his corresponding interpretation of the essence of Hawthornes stories Everything he has to say is related, finally, to that inward sphere. For the heart is the meeting-place of all the forces spiritual and physical, light and dark, that compete for dominance in mans nature. . . . (McPherson ... ...horne A Collection of Critical Essays, edited by A.N. Kaul. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1966. McPherson, Hugo. Hawthornes Use of Mythology. In Readings on Nathaniel Hawthorne, edited by Clarice Swisher. San Diego, CA Greenha ven Press, 1996. Stewart, Randall. Hawthornes Female Characters. In Readings on Nathaniel Hawthorne, edited by Clarice Swisher. San Diego, CA Greenhaven Press, 1996. Sullivan, Wilson. Nathaniel Hawthorne. In New England Men of Letters. New York Macmillan Co., 1972. Swisher, Clarice. Nathaniel Hawthorne a Biography. In Readings on Nathaniel Hawthorne, edited by Clarice Swisher. San Diego, CA Greenhaven Press, 1996. Williams, Stanley T. Hawthornes Puritan Mind. In Readings on Nathaniel Hawthorne, edited by Clarice Swisher. San Diego, CA Greenhaven Press, 1996.

The Carbon Footprints of Sony and Dell Essay example -- Global Warming

The Carbon Footprints of Sony and dingleAbstract The purpose of this chuck was to investigate the degree Celsius dioxide emissions of Sony gage and Dell, Inc. through the use of resources and the manipulation of cardinal calculations and conversions. However, this comparison was not straight because of lack of info on Dells part. The significance of the data produced is it shows and compargons the environmental efficiency of the companies targeted by quantifying their respective(prenominal) ampere-second gradations. well-nigh all of the data obtained was found online through a variety of reliable sources, including the company websites of Sony and Dell and independent environmental reports. In order to lay away the data, all information had to be converted into a snow footprint unit, which is equal to grams of carbon dioxide equivalent per kilowatt hour of generation. In this way, the carbon footprint was able to account for all babys room gases produced by the resp ective companies. Thus, with the gathered data, it was possible to determine which of the companies was less environmentally harmful. The collected data from this project is significant because of the impending effects of Global Warming. The information provides an perspicacity on how such large companies can work to make themselves carbon neutral, and thus contribute much less to the greenhouse effect. gateA Brief Introduction on Global Warming In recent years, the issue of Global Warming has become a het debate topic. In abridged terms, Global Warming is defined as an increase in the temperature of the Earth as a result of greenhouse gases, solar activity and other variables that impact climate. Much of the controversy border Global Warming is whether ... ... provides data on the CO2 emissions of Dell Notebooks and Dell Optiplexs.ConclusionConclusion Potentially, both Sony Corporation and Dell, Inc. have large carbon footprints. This is because from calculating Sonys car bon footprint, we can imply that Dell, Inc.s carbon footprint bequeath be roughly the same because the process in which their electronic products are created are similar. Furthermore, levels of product usage are roughly equivalent. While an accurate comparison could not be made, we did manage to determine Sonys carbon footprint. Also, close to information on Dell, Incs. CO2 emissions concerning their computers was gathered. Ignoring the inaccuracy of comparison, it can be said that Sony Corporation has easily accessible information and was given a higher range than Dell, Inc. by Greenpeace, and thus has a lower carbon footprint than Dell.