Religion Essay -- Character Analysis, Daja, Nathan

William Hazlitt, a British writer during the early 1800s once said, disfavour is the child of ignorance. During the eighteenth-century, the time period in which Gotthold Ephraim Lessing wrote his play, Nathan the Wise, there was much religious prejudice displayed throughout Europe, specifically against the Jewish and Muslim populations. For instance, Ronald Schechter notes, eighteenth-century writers typically pictureed Jews as greedy moneylenders, and depicted Muslims as violent despots and servants of the despots (4). Many people perceived Christianity as the only true religion however, Lessing challenges these notions of Christian superiority throughout his play. unity way he does this is by not portraying the Christian characters as any better or worse than the characters of different religions in fact, the Patriarch is characterized as a despot, similar to how eighteenth-century writers portrayed Muslims. Furthermore, he tries to illustrate that not one religion be it Christi anity, Islam, or Judaism is greater than the others, but rather all religions be ultimately equal in the eyes of God. From factors such as characters portrayal, the plays audience is able to grasp Lessings overall view of Christianity, which is in any case his main message throughoutChristians do not have a monopoly on religious truths (Schechter 10). In Lessings play there are quadruplet Christian characters and two of the four, Daja and the Patriarch, are portrayed negatively. Daja, a Christian servant of Nathan and his stepdaughter Recha, is characterized as one of those fanatics who imagine they know the universal and only true course of study to God (111). Although she tries to be a devout Christian, she betrays Nathan by revealing his secret regarding ... ...sides (118). Although this is only a stage direction and not an actual line from the play, it up to now has a major impact on the play. The fact that all characters, representing each of the three religions, come tog ether in the end exemplifies what the author is trying to portray throughout. As Ronald Schechter notes in the introduction, The play does not end with the various characters tolerating each other. It ends with them embracing each other (20). Having the play conclude this way conveys Lessings thoughts on religion. Lessing does not think of Christianity as any better or worse than Judaism or Islam, rather practitioners of different religions can please God equally (Schechter 16). And until that higher, experience judge comes down to rule which religion is better than the others, all religions should be thought as equal in the eyes of God.

The Nature of Terrorism :: Terrorism

Given the growing global threats of timidityism, it is significant that an understanding of the history, temperament and mechanism-premises under which terror operates is obtained. This is significant as it would shape the perspective of policy makers when addressing issues of this nature. Terrorism, as it is understood is the action of none-state weak actors, individual or groups, who for some reasons feels control, marginalized and, or denied what they may gain as the basic human right. All terrorism has political objectives, even though the perpetrators may use ghostlike relics to appeal to a wider existing audience, and shake up a response through violent act to prove or propagate their point. Yoram Schweitzer in Suicide Terrorism Development & Characteristics, Mark Sedgwick in stem and the Nature of Religious Terrorism, and Dr. James Armstrong, all demonstrates that suicide terror attacks are politically motivated even though the perpetrator may use religious symbolism to justifies their acts. Observing areas in the world where terrorism is frequent, especially in the Middle East, it can be argued that groups that engaged in terrorists activities are those that feel suppressed and mootn advantage of by a much greater power. Thus, terrorism, particularly suicide terror is prevalent in areas where systems of gross injustice seem to exist. Therefore, the demonstrable use of terrorism by non-state actors is a tactic aimed at polarizing the population in their favor. By killing people in mass number, they are attempting to take away the view that only the state can legitimately kill thus undermining the state authority. As Armstrong, Sedgwick and Schweitzer exemplify, suicide terrorism is not a current happening, but an quondam(a) historical phenomenon. And that just as modern day terror organizations, particularly Al-Qaeda, uses religious concepts to motivate its actions (though their immediate goal is political), various old terrorist groups have used similar approached to achieve their political end. To understand the history of suicide terrorism and how terrorist groups in the past have used religious touch sensation to propagate their political course, Armstrong pointed out the Zealots-an extremist Jewish sect that opposed Jesus. The Zealots engaged in political assassinations of their political foe, knowing that they would be killed in the process. redden though their ultimate goal might have been religious, the Zealots immediate aim was political. In the same way, during the third century, the Assassins- a notorious terrorist wing (similar in nature to Al-Qaeda) in modern day Syria, assassinated many of their political opponents in order to establish their own form of Islam.

Howard Robard Hughes Essays -- Biography

Howard Robard Hughes (December 24, 1905 April 5, 1976), a pilot, movie producer, playboy, and one of the wealthiest bulk in the world during his lifetime, was well-known(a) for his eccentricity. His eccentric behavior is theorized to have been the result of obsessive-compulsive behavior. The intent of this review is to illustrate Mr. Hughess abnormalities, arrive at a clinical diagnosis utilize all five axes of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV-TR (DSM-IV-TR), explain his behavior from the biological theoretical perspective, and finally to arrive at a hypothetical treatment plan.BehaviorTo begin, what constitutes abnormal behavior in Mr. Hughess case? As early as the 1930s, Hughes demonstrated signs of obsessive-compulsive disturbance. Obsessive compulsive disorder is identified by DSM as having re authorized obsessions (persistent thoughts, ideas, impulses or images that seem to invade a persons consciousness) or compulsions (repeated and rigid be haviors or mental acts that people feel like they must perform in order to prevent or reduce anxiety) (Cormer, 2008). Close friends reported that Hughes was obsessed with the size of peas, one of his ducky foods, and used a special fork to sort them by size.Those who interacted with him as a director comment of his obsessions. While directing a movie, Hughes became fixated on a minor flaw in an actresss top, claiming that the fabric bunched up along a seam and gave the appearance of two nipples on each breast. He was reportedly so upset by the matter that he wrote a detailed memorandum to the crew on how to fix the problem (Hack, 2002). An executive producer who worked with Hughes wrote in his autobiography about the difficulty of dealing with the t... ...h has shown that exercise, outdoor activity and socialization lead to increased serotonin levels and overall health (Young, 2007).Although the biological treatment of drug therapy, physical therapy, and nutrition therapy will begin to produce desired results towards a cure, the prognosis for recovery from this disorder would be greatly enhanced by a combination of behavioral, cognitive, and drug therapies. Patients who receive a combination of such therapies yield greater relief from their symptoms than do singular approaches alone (Kordon et al., 2005).It is unfortunate that Mr. Hughes was not qualified to receive adequate help for his disorder during his lifetime. Given the aforementioned treatment plan, along with the benefit of current research, and Mr. Hughes affluence to receive the best care, his prognosis during current times would have been quite good.

Betty Friedans The Feminine Mystique and Sue Kaufmans Diary of a Mad

Betty Friedans The Feminine Mystique and Sue Kaufmans daybook of a Mad HousewifeBettina Balser, the narrator of Sue Kaufmans Diary of a Mad Housewife, is an attractive, intelligent woman living in an affluent community of New York City with her successful husband and her two charming children. She is in addition on the verge of insanity. Her various mental disorders, her wavering physical health, and her sexual promiscuity permeate her diary entries, and are interwoven among descriptions of the seemingly normal and lax routine of a housewife. Betty Friedan, in writing the Feminine Mystique, describes the plight of millions of American women directly parallel to that of Bettinas. Through her exhaustive research and interviews, Friedan documents ex 10sive evidence of the untoward effects of Occupation Housewife. The women she speaks with are all like Bettina they lead desirable, healthy lives on the surface, and yet they are slowly deteriorating inside. Friedan discusses the effects of the unnatural and illogical mirage of womanhood forced upon women, and analyzes why being just a housewife is not enough. Bettinas situation will be analyzed through Friedans theories on the feminine mystique. Despite her misery, Bettina Balser is quite aware of how blessed she is to have the life of which millions of women can only dream. She begins her diary with a long catalogue of all of the things she should, in all reason, be grateful forShall I say the obvious, the thing Ive told myself every day for weeks- that I know Im a in truth Lucky Girl, and really must be crazy to get into the state Im in these days, when I have everything A Girl Could hope? I have two bright, healthy, attractive children I have... ...e the nervous tics, the various phobias, the alcoholism, and the insomnia, Bettina survives through to the end of Diary of a Mad Housewife. Bettina made it through ten years of marriage in the inhumanly confining role as a housewife because sh e was able to hold on to ideas that made her Bettina Balser instead of just a housewife. Bettina is an outstanding woman when compared to the millions of women described by Friedan whose creativity and individuality was wasted on living solely as a wife and mother. However, Bettina also embodies the inglorious effects that the feminine mystique debilitated American women with during the 1950s, as profoundly described by Betty Friedan in the Feminine Mystique. Works CitedFriedan, Betty. The Feminine Mystique. New York Norton, 1963.Kaufman, Sue. Diary of a Mad Housewife. New York Random House, 1967.

Photography in Flux Essay -- Digital Photography Pictures Technology E

Photography in Flux It is no secret that digital photography is very cursorily finding a niche in modem society, in both the professional realm as well as in the home. The advent of newer, faster, and more embellished technologies reserve placed the power of photographic production in the hands of the common person. An art form that formerly was left to the charge of few skilled professionals has been evermore changed by these technologies. Certainly, this evolution of sorts has its strengths as well as its drawbacks. What advantages does a photographer befuddle with digital technology that he or she might not have with a traditional camera? What are the disadvantages? And what does this technology mean for the future of the photography trade?First, what exactly is the fundamental technological difference between digital photography and conventional film? In Tom Angs The Art of Digital Photography, he says that the key difference is the light-sensitive medium used to capture t he depiction (10). Okay. Well what does that mean? Images in traditional film are created when silver salts suspended in the emulsion convert the amount of light falling on them into a latent image (Ang 10). When film is developed, the chemical processes that occur magnify the changes to produce a viewable image. By contrast, digital cameras have an electronic detector that converts the light falling on it into an electrical charge, which is then processed by electrical circuitry and turned into a code that can be stored, transported, copied, etc. AdvantagesEssentially, formerly an image exists in digital form, it can either be tweaked to adjust even its most indiscernible features or it can be entirely morphed into something entirely different. There ... ...exis.com.Ippolito, Joseph A. Understanding Digital Photography. Clifton Park, NY Thomas/Delmar Learning, 2003.Meyer, Pedro. Traditional Photography vs. Digital Photography. ZoneZero From Analog to Digital March 1, 2001. 14 S ept. 2004 <http//www.zonezero.com/ editorial/marzoO l /march. html.Potts, Mary Anne. Q&A The Pixel Pro. National Geographic Adventure Magazine June/July 2003. 15 Sept. 2004 <http//www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/ 0306/gn_a.html.Sand, Michael L. Metamorphoses Photography in the Electronic Age. Aperture 136 (1994) 3.Smurthwaite, Nick. Faking It. Design Week April 1998 17-19. LexisNexis Academic. Parks Library, Iowa State U. 15 Sept. 2004 <http//www. lexisnexis.comZiegler, Katleen and Nick Greco. Digital Focus The New Media of Photography. Southampton, Pa. Dimensional Illustrators, 1997.

Photography in Flux Essay -- Digital Photography Pictures Technology E

Photography in Flux It is no secret that digital photography is very rapidly finding a niche in modem society, in both the professional realm as well as in the home. The advent of newer, faster, and more embellished technologies have placed the power of photographic production in the hands of the common person. An art form that formerly was left to the charge of few skilled professionals has been forever changed by these technologies. Certainly, this evolution of sorts has its strengths as well as its drawbacks. What advantages does a photographer have with digital engine room that he or she might not have with a traditional camera? What are the disadvantages? And what does this technology mean for the future of the photography trade?First, what exactly is the fundamental technological difference between digital photography and conventional tear? In tomcat Angs The Art of Digital Photography, he says that the key difference is the light-sensitive medium used to capture the ima ge (10). Okay. Well what does that mean? Images in traditional film are created when silver salts suspended in the emulsion convert the amount of light falling on them into a latent image (Ang 10). When film is developed, the chemical substance processes that occur magnify the changes to produce a viewable image. By contrast, digital cameras have an electronic sensor that converts the light falling on it into an electrical charge, which is thusly processed by electrical circuitry and turned into a code that can be stored, transported, copied, etc. AdvantagesEssentially, once an image exists in digital form, it can any be tweaked to adjust even its most indiscernible features or it can be entirely morphed into something altogether different. There ... ...exis.com.Ippolito, Joseph A. Understanding Digital Photography. Clifton Park, NY Thomas/Delmar Learning, 2003.Meyer, Pedro. traditionalistic Photography vs. Digital Photography. ZoneZero From Analog to Digital March 1, 2001. 14 S ept. 2004 <http//www.zonezero.com/ editorial/marzoO l /march. html.Potts, Mary Anne. Q&A The Pixel Pro. National Geographic Adventure powder magazine June/July 2003. 15 Sept. 2004 <http//www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/ 0306/gn_a.html.Sand, Michael L. Metamorphoses Photography in the Electronic Age. Aperture 136 (1994) 3.Smurthwaite, Nick. Faking It. Design Week April 1998 17-19. LexisNexis Academic. Parks Library, Iowa State U. 15 Sept. 2004 <http//www. lexisnexis.comZiegler, Katleen and Nick Greco. Digital Focus The New Media of Photography. Southampton, Pa. dimensional Illustrators, 1997.

National Constitution Center

The Independence Hall is located in the exact place where the Declaration of Independence was signed. This building on that pointfore is a reminder of that victorious mean solar day when at last the States had decided to do away the yoke of Great Britain. History lessons says that it was similarly here that George Washington was appointed as the commander of the Continental Army and it was also here that the design of the American Flag was agreed upon ( Perry 432). To preserve the historic moments in American history through this Hall, the regime had made the effort to maintain its appearance at it was then and to use the furnitures of that time.The importance that the Hall received seems to suggest that the fight for Independence was indeed something that should be done and that all were united to fight for it. And because of that, the Independence Day is very significant a day of united heroism and nationalism. But this was non rattling the case. The people back then had di vided loyalties. Some of them (about 20 %), do not see the need for separation so that they do not extremity Independence from Britain and many an(prenominal) another(prenominal) others do not support the Americans or the British.It was not a united movement as it is being sanctiond by the Independence Hall. It was alone a work of a third of American Patriots and political leaders who were brave enough and enthusiastic enough to fight for liberty from Britain (Perry 432). So it was rattling a fantasy to believe that Independence from Britain was a movement desired by all. But the importance given to the site carries the covert message that it was so. However, I greatly respect Independence Day myself and had great admiration for people who took part in it.Another issue that I would like to raise is the particular that America had neglected or forgotten that they were a nation who also backlash another the original inhabitants of the land. The Indians are the first settlers of America but the whites, who came from Europe, after a matter of time, thought that it was theirs. They deprived these people of their homeland and drive them to the mountains the white made promises of which most they never keep. Now the Indians are claiming what was promised to them, their rights to certain lands, but their pleas went unheard.Moreover, they get going a neglected and deprived people in America. How ironic then that America was freed by Great Britain but they never freed the real settlers whose hands they strangulate with a tight grip within the territory. If they demand for their rights as a separate nation, how much more should the natives demand for the rights of which they once owned? So when I look at the Independence Hall I can see there the pretense of the past. Just as they keep the appearance of the Hall as it once was, they keep the natives bound until today.The National Constitution Center The Constitution Center can also be found in Philadelphia, Pen nsylvania. Aside from the historic artifacts that can be seen around the building, visitors in the museum are also entertained through watching theater presentation or participating in synergetic exhibits. The topics of all these activities are centered on the history and place of the United States Constitution in the life of the American people. In the theater they present a show called Freedom Rising. In the presentation the visitors are informed of how the Constitution came to be.Moreover in the interactive exhibits one can see not surprisingly many historical artifacts connected to the story of the Constitution, especially the original documents that the founders or the signers used and the people who were involved in it. Also inside, one can see the premise of the Constitution. The Centers interesting activity is on the opportunity to have talk backs about issues that has been of great debate and has challenged the Constitution like the issue of dying penalty. Moreover, they have the chance to decide a court case there as part of an interactive activity.But perhaps the most interesting activity there is that one may take a presidential oath of office (The National Constitution 2008). I phone this is also the very coolest feature there for perhaps most people would actually want to do that in real life So what does the Center and all of its activities and features there are severe to say? It is pretty obvious that it is educating the visitors about the Constitution. That how people fought for it and how the Americans of the past go into great pains of debates to enact it. It therefore not only informs but also aims to instill respect for the Constitution.In a way it also aims to bring admiration for the Constitution or an admiration for democracy of which the Constitution stands for. It is a known fact of how much America took pride in their democracy which for them equates to respect of human rights and dignity and of course the ever elusive equality . But I really think that what this Center is really trying to do is to shape the mind to believe that we, individually, are perfectly elective. The Constitution is democracy and the people who made the Constitution are therefore democratic.The Center encourages an admiration for the Constitution and as people who made them an admiration for ourselves. We are therefore led to believe that we are very democratic who exercises respect for the rights of others and upholds equality. This is of course an illusion. The federal system that the Constitution upholds was at first created not with thoughts of democracy but to keep the now frees states from trade wars and to hold the states together. Since they follow through the tyranny of Britain they do not want it to happen to them so that they shared the power through the federal system.In a sense the Constitution was founded not at first with democracy (in modern sense) in mind. As proof, they still do not free the slaves by this time ( Perry 433). The issue of racial discrimination has unendingly been a big dilemma of our country and I believe that it is not yet resolved. Although the Constitution had successfully declared in its pages that no man should be discriminated by his color, discrimination still exist not in color but this time in subtle biases called color blind discrimination.For example, most would harmonize that it is not right to think that a certain person should be disqualified for an office by virtue of his color but they would comment that base on his background he may not be able to handle it. As before I realized that most Americans are not as democratic as the Constitution had been at first. The Gettysburg Museum The Gettysburg Museum is situated in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. It is a museum that brings history back to life. What this museum is trying to revive is one of the dramatic moments of American history the civilized War.The turning point of that war is the Battle of Gettysburg in July of 1863 that forecast the defeat of the South. If one visits the place he can see many life size figures and battle room exhibits representing a scene of that Battle. And of course the famous Abraham Lincoln Gettysburg Address can be seen in animation (American Civil War 2008). This site is a historical performance of the liberation of the South from slavery. Civil War is portrayed as giving liberty to those who are bound in slavery, particularly the Blacks.It was a war that strengthens the American reputation for love democracy and equality. The Gettysburg museum is a reminder of such a lofty ideal and tends to promote the idea that this is what the American people had in mind. But this was not the case. The people in the South who fought the North are also white. They are as American as the North were. As the North pushed for liberation from slavery the South fought for its retention. The reason was economic, the liberation or emancipation from slavery would hurt the plantati on logical argument of the South. The Americans therefore was not so against slavery.They are more interested in their own economic gains so much so that they are forgeting to divvy up a man as a property. If plantations were a flourishing business in the North as the South, I wonder if all of the Northern States will support the emancipation. Works Cited Perry, Marvin. A World in History. New York Houghton-Mifflin, Inc. , 1988. American Civil War Museum and Gift Center. 2008. Accessed December 15, 2008 http//www. gettysburgmuseum. com/. The National Constitution Center. 2008. Accessed December 15, 2008

Engendered Mass Media Essay

Mass media is a powerful socializing two-way tool wherein one engages in an inter-play populace views the world as reflected by the medium in the process the medium gazes back with a modified reflection of what has been sent by the viewer. The process of gazing and reflecting creates a reality satiated with meanings ready to be read and given form by both(prenominal) the viewer and the medium.How this process is presented will be analyzed in this paper using one of the online hubs of Regent Entertainment Media Incorporated, Out.com, an ezine that showcases most of the contents of its print counterpart Out Magazine, a print medium dedicated for articles think to the third sex.This medium has been tradeed for the analysis for several reasons 1) the third sex as a topic for magazines is quite touchy and absorbing since more readers would opt to consider looking at former(a) gender-specific and topic-specific magazines 2) magazines such as Out. com provides a foresight on gay culture presented using a less informal come out (easy to read, short articles) and 3) this serves as an eye-opener on the extent of how mass media has been an effective tool that unavoidably forced society to accept the gay population as a bona-fide member of the society as members of the third sex engage progressively come out of their closets. In Out. coms site, one would see the following sections home, blogs, video, style, galleries, extras, type citizen, travel and subscription sections which are commonly seen in other online magazines.The design, however may be considered a full contrast (traditional with its still-old-fashioned though compelling black and light presentation that projects a sense of balance) to the lurid, more show-of-the-skin presentations found in other popular magazines such as Cosmopolitan, GQ, and Maxim. Engendered Media Out. com is just one of the online hubs of Regent Entertainment Media, Inc. (for other sites just hover and click on the links found at th e lower end of the homepage) though.This site, however, seems to be more provocative and out-of-the-box (stereotypical) presentation than the rest (perhaps to run to all the possible reading requirements of its target audience). What is unusual in the presentation of the third sex, however, is how they are dressed up not as one would singular them to be seen on the streets or anywhere else. Instead they are pictured being dressed up as how one sees a female or a male in current times are dressed up.What changes is the role that they portray however. Consider for example a feature story titled, The fearless Agenda, which describes an upcoming event titled billed as Stripped Stories Teases Chicago (Out. com, April 2009). A snapshot of Giulia Rozzi and Margot Leitman spending an intimate time in the tub (though both are dressed in lingerie, wearing make-up and nail polish, one may deduce what specific role each character (male or female) is delineation from the posture they are dis playing in the photo.Guilia Rozzi is pictured clinging onto Margot Leitmans legs, giving the latter more authority in terms of the space occupied in the photo, and the serial meaning it translates that somewhat points to the masculine role that Leitman is projecting. Most of the photos and articles found in the site depict the third sex being celebrated and focus on the positive reflections concerning this population. Even the digital image of the magazines current issue with an outline of the contents of the magazine focuses mainly on the positive and then criticisms and ill treatment that society usually bestows them are kept veiled.Engendered Media A grim reality that the magazine might have kept from the intended readers for them to have some time to consider the brighter side of life even when dark clouds keep looming from above.ReferenceOut. com. May 2009 Issue. Retrieved April 27, 2009 from Out. com Website http//www. out. com/current_issue. asp The Gay Agenda. (May 27, 20 09). Retrieved from Out. com Website http//www. out. com/gay_agenda. asp? id=25145

Ida Jean Orlando Essay

Ida dungaree Orland was a first- generation American of Italian decent, born 1926. She received her diploma in nursing at New York Medical College in 1947, Bachelor of Science in Public health from St. Johns University in Brooklyn, New York in 1951 and her Master of Arts Degree in Mental health Nursing from Columbia University. Orlando was an associate Professor at Yale School of Nursing, and while there she served as the Director of the Graduate Program in Mental Health Psychiatric Nursing.She was the project investigator of a National Institute of Mental Health grant entitled Integration of Mental Health Concepts in Basic Nursing Curriculum. In 1961, Orlando published her surmisal, The Dynamic Nurse- Patient Relationship and in 1972 The Discipline and Teaching of Nursing Process. She has served as a mount member of Harvard Community Health Plan.Her theory is explanatory and straightforward, she believes that the mathematical function of the apply is to find out and meet the unhurrieds adjacent need for help. She describes nursing as it is, the defy is responsible for gathering all the information directly from the diligent and making decisions based on this information. We as curbs are the Care Plan that we develop, however, we moldiness ever so be aware that situations change and we must be able to adapt to the change immediately and come up with other ways of treatment without allowing it to substitute with the quality of care that the patient is receiving.She directly states definition of nursing that can summarize the theory provided by Ida Jean Orlando. All patients deportment can be a cry for help, both verbal and non-verbal. It is up to the nurse to interpret their behavior and determine the needs of the patient.Nursing differs from medicine according to this theory because based on Orlandos theory everything we need to know to provide the best care to the patient is received directly from the patient. Usually with medicine, we use schoo l text information and trial and error, however, according to the theoryof Orlando, it is the nurses job to collect all the information directly from the patient and interpret it on our stimulate to provide quality care.Orlandos theory definitely relies on the content/knowledge of nursing. It is enlightenly stated that it is the nurses job to use their perception, thoughts closely the perception or the feeling engendered from their thought to explore with patients the meaning of their behavior. This process helps the nurses find out the nature of the distress and what help the patient needs. It is the knowledge of the nurse that is being relied on for the best care.Ida Jean Orlando theory Deliberative Nursing Process was developed in the late 1950s from an observation she witnessed involving nurse and patient inter save. Orlandos Deliberative Nursing Process is based on and involves the patients behavior and nurses reaction. In most cases the patient leave alone exhibit certain behaviors both verbal and nonverbal as a plea for help. The role of the nurse is to find out and meet the patients immediate need for help. The four major concepts of the metaparadigm, the person, environment, health and nursing collectively are one with Orlandos Theory Stages Assessment, diagnosis, implementation, and the goal. Together they provide the nurse with the data needed to accurately assess and serve the patient.Ida Jean Orlando uses an assessment as a tool when collecting subjective and objective data in relation to the person/patient hence allowing the nurse to notably assess the sickness process. The assessment stage enhances the nurse ability to analyze and interpret the behavior and determine the needs of the patient. The assessment is done without reason. The health of the individual is closely evaluated to determine the patient needs.During the diagnosis stage the diagnosis can be confirm using links to classify the characteristics, related factors, and risk facto rs found in the person/patients assessment .The behavior of the person as hale as the disease is well thought-out in this process. The nurse then uses clinical judgment regarding health dilemmas, tackling each one individually.The environment is an most-valuable part of this process. It influences theindividuals external as well as the internal aspect of life and well-being. After gathering the diagnosis, interventions can be implemented to help accomplish the goals. In this stage we put everything into action allowing us to carry out the care plan that was created using Orlandos theory. The nurse is now able to assess whether the person have achieved their goals. Often time the complete set of goals are not met, however Orlandos theory is adjustable.Orlandos theory is universal allowing the nurse to be flexible. Its also intimately adapted when providing service to different person/patients with different diagnosis. With the mutual aid of the person/patient and the deliberate a ctions of the nurse, the goal put in place by the nurse is attained. Every deed of a nurse has significance.Ida Jean Orlando Theory niduses on the Dynamic Nurse-Patient relationship. Even though the theory focuses on the communication surrounded by the nurse-patient relationships, it makes it clear that the nurse is to assume that the patients communication is a plea for help and must be taken as is. This dictates that the primary focus is on the dynamic relationship but does give a secondary focus on the nurse as the modifiable component.The theory in itself is clear and simple. It describes the interaction between the nurse and patient in a certain time and place and follows a sequence until the patients problem is resolved. The sequencing of events results in its clarity. All of the primary duties of a nurse involve interacting with the patient, meaning that Ida Jean Orlandos Dynamic Nurse-Patient Relationship Theory can applied in more or less any setting. Whenever a patient interacts with nurse, the theoretical model can be applied.It does not need any special tools nor does it require a specific setting. It is derived from the patient, as a whole, interacting with a nurse as a whole. It stages the interaction to happen in a specific sequence. It places special emphasis on the nurses role on perceiving the patient behavior and interpreting it beyond its superficial affect. It deals with the immediate context and attempts to find the most complete resolution of the situation. It theory is built on the question of over 2000 Nurse-Patient interactions.Her theory has led to deliberative consequences for nurses. It sets principles that have become grain in nursing education. It is the principle set on how a nurses role should be active rather than passive in a nurses interaction with a patient. It is set to give structure to a nurses role of performing ongoing assessments with validated results, to treat a person as a whole with feedback as reassurances o f her actions and to achieve role and problem clarity so that the patient understands his or her own problems that may have been hidden from his or her own perception.Ida Jean Orlandos theoretical is ingrained in all aspects of nursing interaction. It has also been codified in some fields as a standard of practice. When giving medication to a patient, we nurses must explain the medication, its expected effect, purpose, and its possible side effects. It is then standard practice to make note of its actual effect and react to that effect. It is logical, active, and directly follows the model. It is most important with pain medication.The patient may over exaggerate, misplace direct cause, or maybe misinterpret the pain. To the patient, pain is simply pain. It is the nurses role to shoot the patients complaint and internally analyze it. Using the nursing discipline, decipher the superficial plea in order to see any fundamental cause, react appropriately until the underlying cause is exposed and inured. Her theory serves as the basis for any interaction with a patient, arguably, for every health professional.As an fatality room nurse, we are encouraged to process patients efficiently and with haste. Patient interaction is, however, valued for its quality. We are expected to treat the patients most immediate concerns while looking for underlying agitators so that treatment can be administered efficiently. Unfortunately, in a fast pace environment, there may be no time to interpret and internally analyze a patients behavior or get their reaction to a certain treatment.Stabilizing and to touch a patient with an unfortunate consequence of diminished patient interaction quality as a frequent casualty. Without Orlandos theoretic model, patients become numbers, treated by their symptoms rather than being treated like a person, without it we would end up dehumanizing patients.ReferencesAlligood, M. R., & Tomey, A. M. (2010). Nursing Theorist and Their Work seventh ed ition. Maryland Heights, MO Mosby. Ida Jean Orlando- Nursing theorist. (2011). Retrieved October 12, 2013, from Nursing- theory.org website http//nursing-theory.org/nursing-theorists/Ida-Jean-Orlando.php Nursing theories a companion to nursing theories and models. (2013, September 9). Retrieved October 6, 2013, from Current nursing website http//currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/Orlando_nursing_process.html Orlando, I. J. (1972).The discipline and teaching of nursing process An evaluative study. New York G. P Putnam. Orlando, I. J. (1990). The dynamic nurse-patient relationship Function, process, and principles. New York National League of Nursing. Orlandos Nursing Process Theory. (2013, September 9). Retrieved October 12, 2013, from currentnursing.com website http//currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/Orlando_nursing_process.html Parker, M. E. (2005). Nursing Theories and Nursing Practice second edition. Philadelphia, PA F.A. Davis Company.

Malcolm X

Malcolm X used literacy as the main tool to gain knowledge. If Malcolm X were alive today he would subscribe for been entirely as possible to moderate take uped and valued literacy. Writing washbowl be used as a means of increasing understanding of complex subjects. Technology can prove to be too distracting for cognitive learning. Malcolm X used report as a way to memorize and better understand words. While jailed in the Charleston Prison he began to copy the vocabulary from beginning to end. In doing so Malcolm started persuasion about the words he had pen put down and level rec anying their meanings.In todays era of TV and video Malcolm X would have surely valued literacy equ ally as he did in his duration. The act of writing helps the writer better understand complex subjects. In the case of Malcolm X the copying of the mental lexicon helped him broaden his vocabulary and gave him a better understanding of written works. During his prison studies Malcolm X accredi ts a connection mingled with writing and cognitive learning. I woke the next morning, thinking about those words immensely proud to realize that not only had I written so very(prenominal) much at one, clip nevertheless id written words that I never knew were in the domain of a function.Moreover, with teeny-weeny effort, I besides could remember what numerous a(prenominal) of these words meant. As Malcolm continued to learn new words, he was fit to pick up a hold for the first meter, read it and understand what the book was saying. There is good evidence that writing things down might in fact help the writer remember things better. While Malcolm X was re writing the dictionary he was absorbing much than if he was to watch a video or television. deletedMalcolm X compargons the dictionary to a miniature encyclopedia. with e genuinely succeeding page, I also learned of pot and flushts from history.Actually the dictionary is like a miniature encyclopedia. As he procee ded to re write the dictionary he found him ego learning about plenty, places and events from history. In todays era of technology television programs and videos can be too distracting for cognitive learning. The arouse amount of entertaining media can prove distracting when using television or movies as a learning tool. One must be able to name the educational programs from entertaining fictional programs. The dictionary ,however, is filled with factual knowledge and is a more than effective learning tool.Malcolm X accredits just about of his knowledge to the time he spent imprisoned. In his time in jail he had hardly a(prenominal) distractions, which allowed him to better absorb knowledge. In todays technologically driven world at that place are many more distractions than in the past. With distractions such as television, movies and video games one can be content with just passing time rather than learning and further increasing their knowledge. Malcolm X emphasizes the ha rm of distractions on cognitive learning. Had he lived in todays technologically driven world he would have had many more distractions to worry about.If Malcolm X had lived in todays era of television and video he would have needed and valued literacy all the same. Malcolms desire to learn would have pushed him away from the distractions of television and videos. Even in today world Malcolm would have valued the dictionary as his main solution of knowledge. Motivated to learn as much as he could he would have used writing as his major tool in cognitive learning. Only by copying the dictionary was Malcolm X able to absorb as much knowledge as he did.Malcolm XRobert Jones Engl. 2072-001 02/24/2010 equation and parentage Of Malcolm X Poems Malcolm X, one of the most iconic faces of the polite rights battlefront if often give tribute to by writers and poets. Robert Hayden and Margaret cart are two African American poets that paid homage to Malcolm X. Interestingly enough two ver ses about the same somebody are written in two completely line of descenting slipway and boil down on break-dance intervals of his deportment. Robert Hayden focuses on Malcolms demeanor as a big forecast and uses transfiguration as the central theme, along with metaphoric run-in throughout to paint the picture of a very religious, very focused man.Margaret cart focuses on the goal of Malcolm X. She uses sonnets to form her poetry and eager descriptive linguistic process to paid homage to the late Malcolm X. Immediately in the next four gets Malcolms childhood transforms into his teenage/young adulthood years. He seems to be happier than he was as a child, yet still troubled. He became known as Dee-troit Red Malcolm was already fleeing his given name on the hunt to transplant who he felt he was. The metabolic process that Hayden focuses on is made even more unembellished with this line.He pass alonged his fuzz Hayden does not meaninglessly place this line into th e verse. The conking of the hair was something that was very popular amongst many African American males during the 1920s through the 1960s. This was an flack by Malcolm to appear to look more like a fair male. The attempt of metamorphosis was not only the central them of Haydens poem but was also a central theme in the life of Malcolm X. Malcolms childhood controlled what he was slowly becoming as an adult. His injured childhood bullied himhe could not hurt the enemy powered against him there. In these few lines in the poem it was apparent that Malcolm have made some attempts to better himself and perchance gain equality but the evidence of his troubled youth and need for neuter held him back. digress three of Haydens poem solidifies the theme of metamorphosis. He Xd his name, the letter X is used in the poem as a means of abandonment. Perhaps even abandonment into the unknown. The Malcolm X that is known by many today is shown in this part of the poem. He became his throngs irritationvengeance for their past. The by any means necessary Malcolm that is immortalized was ere in part three. He was viewed by many as an angry individual. His metamorphosis is nettly at its fulfillment here. Hayden still uses the term ice to create the opposition of Malcolm. Drive them from the lush ice gardens of their servitude Ice is apparently still the plague innocence raft that were present in the beginning of the poem because Hayden speaks of servitude in this line, which is slavery. Malcolm change is permanent now and he is attempting to change those around him as well. take leave four of this poem is where the changed Malcolm meets his demise. He becomes a martyr.Hayden writes that time brought the iconic trophies. In this point on Malcolms life his change was forever due to his death. exodus to his net metamorphosis, Hejira is a burial place in Saudi Arabia. Hayden places this city in the poem to allow readers the omnipotent feel that Malcolms final metam orphosis was directly linked and guided to his death. Margaret Walker focuses on Malcolm Xs death her poem For Malcolm X was meant to pay homage and perhaps even comply to Malcolm X. There are some similarities found between her poem and Robert Haydens poem. Her central theme is death.She uses sonnet form to paint a picture of the funeral of Malcolm X and also creates emotion through her descriptive quarrel. each(prenominal) you violent oneswhose hearts cry out heartbreak, in these two lines there are obviously opposite meanings but Margaret Walker paints the picture of struggle just as Hayden did at the beginning of his poem. Both authors uses profoundly descriptive dialect. Whose relentless faces have hollowed pits for eyeball, the scene created here jumps out because of the way it was written. The central theme of death becomes dominant in this one line. The eyes have been idea of by many as a portal to ones soul.If it is hollow the person if thought to be lifeless or with out a soul. Using erosive instead of African American creates a feeling of death. Black is the generally accepted color in of attire to mourn ones death at a funeral. Another relation that was apparent between twain Walker and Hayden was their views of white people. Although Hayden uses terms such as icy Walker uses the term white devil. Both are very descriptive language used to describe the white man at that point in time. Margaret Walker creates the scene by allowing readers insight into the scene of the funeral. totally you frolic sons and aquiline children and bowery bums, this is letting us know the people who are in attendance at this funeral. Both authors make it apparent that the black bourgeoisie is just as negatively thought of as the hateful white person. Malcolm conked his hair which after he had done it became apparent to him that he was act to pose himself more favorably in the white persons eyes. Margaret Walker speaks of the black bourgeoisie and this one the more popular occurrences of the black bourgeoisie, to conk their hair.Margaret Walker and Robert Hayden both acknowledge Malcolms relation to the Nation of Islam. Hayden focused his poem around this segment of Malcolms life. Walkers description of Malcolms carcass shows that his trust was an master(prenominal) part of his life. The snow white moslem head-dress around a black face, she maintains the theme of death through the contrast of color here. Walker just as Hayden used metaphoric language in her poem to describe what Malcolm and his words meant to people. Our blood and water pour from your period wounds, with Malcolms death many people felt as though a part of themselves had died as well.He was a driving force in the civil rights movement and people found life in him. With death being the central theme the lines subsequent to this one describes things that would physically kill a person but it gave a new perspective on life to those who perceive his words. You have c ut or breasts and dug scalpels into our brains, his words pricked the hearts of many of the people who heard them and caused them to think more and take charge of their freedom. Describing this through actions that would introduce to death made these lines in the poem very profound.Malcolm XHow is it that a man who was completely illiterate, a criminal and even worse he was black, in a time that meant you were less than a dog, could go on to head up a nation of black people towards freedom? Malcolm X is the classical story of tenacity, adversity, and determination and his end result was triumph. To Malcolm X reading was the most important thing in the world to him, and no matter how hard it would be he valued nothing more than to learn. He knew that if he were to change his life around and make something of himself, he had to begin with the tinyest of aspect which as learning how to read.His persistence did not Just help him become the man he wanted to be, but it propelled him i nto the history books and he will forever remain a figure for many because he simply chose to take advantage of one of the most underlying educational tools which is reading. Showing the world that every man deserved to be treated equally and that no matter how big or small your goals are if you are tenacious enough then you will reach them. Malcolm X played a major role in African American history. He was a Civil Rights leader and was very powerful to many people f his time and even now.He enforced the idea that all people were created equal and that the way of life should remain that way. Malcolm has influenced much of society today. He changed the worlds direction and shape in many ways. He inspired many African Americans to fight racism continuously and proactively. He offered an alternative to martin Luther kings argument to non-violence and pacifism. He also showed that African Americans could also be articulate and highly intellectual. While in prison, Malcolm is tried to ma ke great use for his time.He ran across a man named Bimbo, whom he became very Jealous of, because Bimbo seemed to have it all together. Malcolm envied Bimbo, Elijah Muhammad, and had great respect for him even though he did not know him. Malcolm loved the way that Bimbo always was in the topic of discussion in many conversations people were having, and to Malcolm, Bimbos vocabulary was flawless. He felt as if he knew exactly what he was talking about and that he was an all-around amazing person. After watching Bimbo in amazement he began to read books. Books in which he could barely understand.Saying, They might as well have been in Chinese. Soon after, he went to the Norfolk Prison and began trying reading more and more. He requested a dictionary, a tablet, and some pencils from the prison, and once they were granted to him he began copying pages from the dictionary, Just reading it back to himself over and over. He was self teaching himself to read, write and understand all at o nce. He took it one step at a time, one day at a time and his strategy was to start with copying the first page in the dictionary of As, and then he read them back to himself continuously.He eke up the next day thinking about the previous words he had written and was shocked and proud to have written that many words. This is what began to mold Malcolm X into an amazing man, he was able to teach himself to understand the fundamentals of reading and writing and then went on to make a monumental movement in African American history. All it took was some dedication and belief in himself. Malcolm used many different dictionaries while imprisoned. He was so fascinated with his learning the dictionary so cursorily that he went on the next day and began writing the second page.He explains in the article, l analyse the next page and the same experience came when I studied that (X 16). The more pages he wrote in the dictionary the more he would explain that he would learn more about people, places and events in history. Soon after the As section had filled a full tablet he moved onto the B section of the dictionary. That was the way I started copying what had eventually became the entire dictionary (X 16). He was extremely successful while in prison, how many men are sent to prison and then teach themselves to read?He took it upon himself to take a bad situation and turning it into time for him to reflect and prepare himself to become great, which speaks volumes of his character and determination. It was Civil Rights leaders like Malcolm X who have helped to run into no one has to struggle to obtain the ability to read and write. He made it his purpose to educate everyone in future generations so that it would help lead too brighter, wiser America. It was during the time of self-enlightenment that Malcolm brother, Shorts, visited him and Jail talked about his recent conversations with the Muslim Religions Organization of the Nation of Islam.After liking to his broth er he explained to him, Malcolm decided to study the Nation of Islam. He came across the leader of the nation, Elijah Muhammad. Muhammad preached that white society constantly worked to keep African Americans from empowering themselves and achieving political, economic and social success. Among other goals, the Nation of Islam fought for a state of their own, one separate from state inhabited by the white people. Malcolm was named the minister at the Nos Boston mosque, Temple No. 11. The following year he also became the minister at Temple No. 2 (Philadelphia) and Temple No. (New York). In the sasss he was invited to participate in numerous debates and television shows. In 1963, the New York Times report that Malcolm X was the second most sought after speaker in the United States. This is when Malcolm X began to become a household name and began to affect peoples lives on a completely different level. Even though Malcolm X was seen as a great man and one of the greatest leaders to e ver head the face of this Earth, he was scrutinized by so many people as well.Unlike Martin Luther King Jar, who was equally as important to the Civil Rights movement in America, Malcolm X as a physical, demanding and aggressive person. He didnt choose to have sit ins, protests and marches, he made it his purpose to get his message across loud and clear. He viewed protests as futile, while they served their purpose, most of the time people do not like to acknowledge there is a problem until people began to get hurt. This is also led to some criticism from his own race about the way he did things, but still he stood by his beliefs and knew in his heart that what he was doing was for the good of his people.Even though his views werent always agreed with by everyone hey were very effective and no one ever denied how intelligent and how caring he was. For the times Malcolm X was the worst nightmare for the typical suburban, middle class White American. He was aggressive, persistent, in telligent and didnt wait for result but demanded them. Ever since he realized how much he wanted to be someone, he made it his agenda to change everything about his old self. He learned how to read and never stopped educating himself, pick out the Islamic faith, and even changed his name from Malcolm Little to Malcolm X.He saw it more important than anything else to lead his people. He was tired of Blacks being unable to read the most basic things such as a daily newspaper, he was unhappy with the way Blacks were being treated and took it upon himself to change all of that by changing himself and then video display the world that if you want something in life you have to take it. Even today many people are still adopting the principles that Malcolm X brought forth to us, all of which started from a man wanting to make something of himself because he was tired of seeing himself, and more importantly, seeing his people struggle.Malcolm XRobert Jones Engl. 2072-001 02/24/2010 Compare and Contrast Of Malcolm X Poems Malcolm X, one of the most iconic faces of the civil rights movement if often paid tribute to by writers and poets. Robert Hayden and Margaret Walker are two African American poets that paid homage to Malcolm X. Interestingly enough two poems about the same person are written in two completely different ways and focus on separate intervals of his life. Robert Hayden focuses on Malcolms life as a big picture and uses metamorphosis as the central theme, along with metaphoric language throughout to paint the picture of a very religious, very focused man.Margaret Walker focuses on the death of Malcolm X. She uses sonnets to form her poem and vehement descriptive language to paid homage to the late Malcolm X. Immediately in the next four lines Malcolms childhood transforms into his teenage/young adulthood years. He seems to be happier than he was as a child, yet still troubled. He became known as Dee-troit Red Malcolm was already fleeing his given name on the search to change who he felt he was. The metamorphosis that Hayden focuses on is made even more apparent with this line.He conked his hair Hayden does not meaninglessly place this line into the poem. The conking of the hair was something that was very popular amongst many African American males during the 1920s through the 1960s. This was an attempt by Malcolm to appear to look more like a white male. The attempt of metamorphosis was not only the central them of Haydens poem but was also a central theme in the life of Malcolm X. Malcolms childhood controlled what he was slowly becoming as an adult. His injured childhood bullied himhe could not hurt the enemy powered against him there. In these few lines in the poem it was apparent that Malcolm have made some attempts to better himself and perhaps gain equality but the evidence of his troubled youth and need for change held him back. Part three of Haydens poem solidifies the theme of metamorphosis. He Xd his name, the letter X i s used in the poem as a means of abandonment. Perhaps even abandonment into the unknown. The Malcolm X that is known by many today is shown in this part of the poem. He became his peoples angervengeance for their past. The by any means necessary Malcolm that is immortalized was ere in part three. He was viewed by many as an angry individual. His metamorphosis is finally at its fulfillment here. Hayden still uses the term ice to create the opposition of Malcolm. Drive them from the lush ice gardens of their servitude Ice is apparently still the evil white people that were present in the beginning of the poem because Hayden speaks of servitude in this line, which is slavery. Malcolm change is permanent now and he is attempting to change those around him as well. Part four of this poem is where the changed Malcolm meets his demise. He becomes a martyr.Hayden writes that time brought the iconic trophies. In this point on Malcolms life his change was forever due to his death. Hejira to his final metamorphosis, Hejira is a burial place in Saudi Arabia. Hayden places this city in the poem to allow readers the omnipotent feel that Malcolms final metamorphosis was directly linked and guided to his death. Margaret Walker focuses on Malcolm Xs death her poem For Malcolm X was meant to pay homage and perhaps even respect to Malcolm X. There are some similarities found between her poem and Robert Haydens poem. Her central theme is death.She uses sonnet form to paint a picture of the funeral of Malcolm X and also creates emotion through her descriptive language. All you violent oneswhose hearts cry out heartbreak, in these two lines there are seemingly opposite meanings but Margaret Walker paints the picture of struggle just as Hayden did at the beginning of his poem. Both authors uses profoundly descriptive dialect. Whose black faces have hollowed pits for eyes, the scene created here jumps out because of the way it was written. The central theme of death becomes dominan t in this one line. The eyes have been thought of by many as a portal to ones soul.If it is hollow the person if thought to be lifeless or without a soul. Using black instead of African American creates a feeling of death. Black is the generally accepted color of attire to mourn ones death at a funeral. Another similarity that was apparent between both Walker and Hayden was their views of white people. Although Hayden uses terms such as icy Walker uses the term white devil. Both are very descriptive language used to describe the white man at that point in time. Margaret Walker creates the scene by allowing readers insight into the scene of the funeral. All you gambling sons and hooked children and bowery bums, this is letting us know the people who are in attendance at this funeral. Both authors make it apparent that the black bourgeoisie is just as negatively thought of as the hateful white person. Malcolm conked his hair which after he had done it became apparent to him that he wa s trying to portray himself more favorably in the white persons eyes. Margaret Walker speaks of the black bourgeoisie and this one the more popular occurrences of the black bourgeoisie, to conk their hair.Margaret Walker and Robert Hayden both acknowledge Malcolms relation to the Nation of Islam. Hayden focused his poem around this segment of Malcolms life. Walkers description of Malcolms body shows that his religion was an important part of his life. The snow white moslem head-dress around a black face, she maintains the theme of death through the contrast of color here. Walker just as Hayden used metaphoric language in her poem to describe what Malcolm and his words meant to people. Our blood and water pour from your flowing wounds, with Malcolms death many people felt as though a part of themselves had died as well.He was a driving force in the civil rights movement and people found life in him. With death being the central theme the lines subsequent to this one describes things that would physically kill a person but it gave a new perspective on life to those who heard his words. You have cut or breasts and dug scalpels into our brains, his words pricked the hearts of many of the people who heard them and caused them to think more and take charge of their freedom. Describing this through actions that would lead to death made these lines in the poem very profound.Malcolm XRobert Jones Engl. 2072-001 02/24/2010 Compare and Contrast Of Malcolm X Poems Malcolm X, one of the most iconic faces of the civil rights movement if often paid tribute to by writers and poets. Robert Hayden and Margaret Walker are two African American poets that paid homage to Malcolm X. Interestingly enough two poems about the same person are written in two completely different ways and focus on separate intervals of his life. Robert Hayden focuses on Malcolms life as a big picture and uses metamorphosis as the central theme, along with metaphoric language throughout to paint the pictur e of a very religious, very focused man.Margaret Walker focuses on the death of Malcolm X. She uses sonnets to form her poem and vehement descriptive language to paid homage to the late Malcolm X. Immediately in the next four lines Malcolms childhood transforms into his teenage/young adulthood years. He seems to be happier than he was as a child, yet still troubled. He became known as Dee-troit Red Malcolm was already fleeing his given name on the search to change who he felt he was. The metamorphosis that Hayden focuses on is made even more apparent with this line.He conked his hair Hayden does not meaninglessly place this line into the poem. The conking of the hair was something that was very popular amongst many African American males during the 1920s through the 1960s. This was an attempt by Malcolm to appear to look more like a white male. The attempt of metamorphosis was not only the central them of Haydens poem but was also a central theme in the life of Malcolm X. Malcolms c hildhood controlled what he was slowly becoming as an adult. His injured childhood bullied himhe could not hurt the enemy powered against him there. In these few lines in the poem it was apparent that Malcolm have made some attempts to better himself and perhaps gain equality but the evidence of his troubled youth and need for change held him back. Part three of Haydens poem solidifies the theme of metamorphosis. He Xd his name, the letter X is used in the poem as a means of abandonment. Perhaps even abandonment into the unknown. The Malcolm X that is known by many today is shown in this part of the poem. He became his peoples angervengeance for their past. The by any means necessary Malcolm that is immortalized was ere in part three. He was viewed by many as an angry individual. His metamorphosis is finally at its fulfillment here. Hayden still uses the term ice to create the opposition of Malcolm. Drive them from the lush ice gardens of their servitude Ice is apparently still the evil white people that were present in the beginning of the poem because Hayden speaks of servitude in this line, which is slavery. Malcolm change is permanent now and he is attempting to change those around him as well. Part four of this poem is where the changed Malcolm meets his demise. He becomes a martyr.Hayden writes that time brought the iconic trophies. In this point on Malcolms life his change was forever due to his death. Hejira to his final metamorphosis, Hejira is a burial place in Saudi Arabia. Hayden places this city in the poem to allow readers the omnipotent feel that Malcolms final metamorphosis was directly linked and guided to his death. Margaret Walker focuses on Malcolm Xs death her poem For Malcolm X was meant to pay homage and perhaps even respect to Malcolm X. There are some similarities found between her poem and Robert Haydens poem. Her central theme is death.She uses sonnet form to paint a picture of the funeral of Malcolm X and also creates emotion thro ugh her descriptive language. All you violent oneswhose hearts cry out heartbreak, in these two lines there are seemingly opposite meanings but Margaret Walker paints the picture of struggle just as Hayden did at the beginning of his poem. Both authors uses profoundly descriptive dialect. Whose black faces have hollowed pits for eyes, the scene created here jumps out because of the way it was written. The central theme of death becomes dominant in this one line. The eyes have been thought of by many as a portal to ones soul.If it is hollow the person if thought to be lifeless or without a soul. Using black instead of African American creates a feeling of death. Black is the generally accepted color of attire to mourn ones death at a funeral. Another similarity that was apparent between both Walker and Hayden was their views of white people. Although Hayden uses terms such as icy Walker uses the term white devil. Both are very descriptive language used to describe the white man at th at point in time. Margaret Walker creates the scene by allowing readers insight into the scene of the funeral. All you gambling sons and hooked children and bowery bums, this is letting us know the people who are in attendance at this funeral. Both authors make it apparent that the black bourgeoisie is just as negatively thought of as the hateful white person. Malcolm conked his hair which after he had done it became apparent to him that he was trying to portray himself more favorably in the white persons eyes. Margaret Walker speaks of the black bourgeoisie and this one the more popular occurrences of the black bourgeoisie, to conk their hair.Margaret Walker and Robert Hayden both acknowledge Malcolms relation to the Nation of Islam. Hayden focused his poem around this segment of Malcolms life. Walkers description of Malcolms body shows that his religion was an important part of his life. The snow white moslem head-dress around a black face, she maintains the theme of death through the contrast of color here. Walker just as Hayden used metaphoric language in her poem to describe what Malcolm and his words meant to people. Our blood and water pour from your flowing wounds, with Malcolms death many people felt as though a part of themselves had died as well.He was a driving force in the civil rights movement and people found life in him. With death being the central theme the lines subsequent to this one describes things that would physically kill a person but it gave a new perspective on life to those who heard his words. You have cut or breasts and dug scalpels into our brains, his words pricked the hearts of many of the people who heard them and caused them to think more and take charge of their freedom. Describing this through actions that would lead to death made these lines in the poem very profound.

Sexism & Bigotry

Divas N. Quinines Professor G. Pier Sexism and Bigotry. August 26, 2013 By definition the boundary sexism meaner prejudice, stereotyping, or discrimination, typic all toldy against women, on the basis of sex in restricted Job opportunities especially, such discrimination directed against women. As well a bigot is a person who is intolerant of any ideas other than his or her own, especially on religion, politics, or race. As I researched for this paper in the Museum of Tolerance in N. Y. , I learned that the human mind makes 11 assumptions about a person in the first 7 seconds of meeting them.We must be awargon of this in order to take a affirmative action rather than a negative approach based on false assumptions. Is it fair to say that everyone is a sexist and/or a bigot? I will be blunt enough to affirm that hypothesis, bases on the fact that our borrow values and our social piss drive us in that direction. As Mr.. Anthony Porter verbally expresses in his lecture A Call to Men w e must break from the so called piece of music BOX and teach boys and men that not being part of the mainstream male dominant society is perfectly correct.The power that an mage holds has depicted many things in American culture during the 20th and 21st centuries such as propaganda, stereotyping, and the demutualization of minority groups. In the same form, the power of words, which can lift a person, has brought down ethnic groups all over the world. Words book power they can inspire, incite, can be hateful, can terrify, can be destructive and intimidating, as well as have consequences In the museum, I observed a propaganda poster from 1917 that stated Gee I wish I were a man, Id join the Navy.Be a man and do it United States Navy recruiting station (artist Howard Chandler Christy 1917). The poster showing a young woman in a Navy uniform during World War l. As I read and saw the visual I was livid not only about the sexism, but also about the exploitation of woman finished the painting as sexual objects How is it that we live in a world where in some countries it is a crime to be born a distaff? We live in a time where one out of three women is victimized by men (father, brothers, uncles, husband, or boyfriend).They experiment domestic abuse, traditional abuse, rape, and are trafficked In some cultures if a woman is proven to eve move adultery she will be murdered or maimed (honor killings). These crimes are committed against women in the name of religion. A man will take sexual control over a woman by sexual organ mutilation or pistillate circumcisions which is practiced without any medical training and is commonly performed in countries like Africa, Asia, and the Middle East.This procedure is done lacking anesthesia and bring infections, shock, and wipeout due to hemorrhage. In Kenya a womens advocacy group has developed the term Circumcision through Words in order to prevent the female mutilations. Seven trillion women are trafficked annually for sexual slavery, the Russian mafia high risk of contraction Studs, rape, drug addiction (and abuse to cope), torture, and rape This is a seven billion dollar a year business and to my surprise, in some countries it is perfectly legal to sell a female into any type of slavery.In the Unites States a female is victimized by men every two minutes ranging in age from sixteen to nineteen years of age and less than 5 of the victims topic their assault. One to three million women is battered annually and one to four will be murdered by their husband or significant life sentence partner. This sexist and abusive behavior must be detained and we as an aware society must inculcate to our boys and men that a woman is not a sexual object or the pun of sexual anecdotes. It is easy to write off bigotry to extremists, but how do you occlusion it from occurring?In my opinion, we can stop bigotry through tolerance. With the discipline to hold back and learn to co-exist, to respect thy fellow human and to pursue in harmony our goals as a positive society. In my walk through the museum I came upon a section entitled Globalize. Com which features touch screen computer terminals that have unmasked the danger of a one sided invoice the story of hatred. The proliferation of hate through the internet is greater than I thought, in fact it showed me how extremely saturated it actually is.The Karri Cultural Institute or discontinue is an Iranian institution with an on-line fifty-seven page book, which claims that the Holocaust genocide was a lie. The Fate Kids is a HAMS site which published a comic rase in which EVIL ZIONISTS made beautiful toys that were actually bombs that were used to kill innocent Palestinians they also used this comic strip to recruit children to come Jihad. mickle such as Doll Hitler, Stalin, the K. K. K founders 0. Calvin Jones, Frank O.McCoy, John B. Kennedy, John C. Lester, James R. Crower, and Richard R. Reed), and Osama Bin Laden have been extremist bi gots who have committed genocide than being tolerant of others. We must assume responsibility and take a stand against bigotry, initiate a Diversity and Tolerance group in our community, remember to always dialogue not scream, to commit to assist meetings, empower, support and above all educate people on what it meaner to be a bigot and how can we assistance to stop it.

Careers in Psychology Essay

Cargoner Options After Pursuing a Degree in PsychologyChoosing a major or a degree field to go into after graduating from high school is iodine of the more difficult things that recently graduated modern adults have to go through. Many different aspects of a future career field are evaluated to help the case-by-case in choosing the best career driveway for them. These evaluations include required education, profit, future places of employment and virtually importantly, what an employee in this specific area of employment will be doing. Choosing to ingest a degree in Psychology offers many different possibilities for future areas of employment that can fit almost any type of person. In addition to the diversity of the field, the U.S. Bureau of chore Statistics predicted an increase in psychology job opportunities over the next decade due to increased demands for these services in education, law, hospitals, and private companies along with many more options (BLS, 2010). With so many different areas of society requiring these services act a degree in psychology opens up many career paths outside the commonly stereotyped job description of psychologists. Even though many people assume that clinical psychology or other types of therapy are the only options with this degree, an individual in this study can go into fields such as neuropsychology, developmental psychology, and educational psychology.A neuropsychologist is one who has received a doctoral degree, typically a PhD, from an accredited American Psychological Association university along with completing the one year internship required for the degree, and a two year training utmost within a neuropsychology practice (Moberg,2006). The job description includes, studying the relations among brain structure and behavioral, cognitive, emotional, and sensory and perceptual functions along with the diagnosing and discussion of disorders related to the central nervous system. Most neuropsychologists or ganize and conduct academicresearch relating to the aforementioned topics, along with assisting and witnessing testimony in court cases that involve brain to the psychological conditions of the people involved. Outside of the court system, neuropsychologists usually work in laboratories, along side medical professionals at hospitals, or privately making commencement salaries between $60,089 and $91,476 annually.After some years of experience an accredited neuropsychologist can make anywhere up to $300,000 a year, but the average yearly salary as of 2010 was approximately $127,460 (BLS, 2010). On top of earning a relatively large wage neuropsychologists report to having overall high job satisfaction, with less than twenty per centum of them considering changing jobs or leaving the psychology field for a different one all together (Moberg, 2006). Being strongly interested in the cognitive process of the central nervous system and wanting to go into an area of research would make n europsychology a top choice for anyone interested in pursuing a doctoral psychology degree.For a person who is more interested in a field dealing with people as a all in all and not just the internal functioning of them, developmental psychology could be a possible career option. A developmental psychologist is someone who studies human harvest and development that occurs throughout the entire lifespan. This includes biological development, but also focuses on cognitive, social, intellectual, personality, and emotional growth. Although the specific tasks of the psychologists vary based on the area they specialize in, most of them perform research and evaluations in the area of their study, such as studying a particular age browse (Beilock, 2012). For example one could study how example reasoning develops in children, or how people influence the personalities of others. Many developmental psychologists work in educational settings at colleges or universities where they conduct re search as well as teach courses. Others could possibly be employed at teen rehabilitation centers, psychiatric clinics, government agencies, etc.The education required to shape a developmental psychologist is a master or doctoral degree (PhD) with those holding the doctoral degree more in demand and having the greater range for employment options. The earned income of a developmental psychologist is also highly varied due to area of employment and subtopic of study. Those employed in offices of otherhealth practitioners earn around $68,400 annually while those employed at Individual and family services earn $57,440 a year (BLS, 2010). A career in developmental psychology allows for diversity among studies and the ability to change topics while still staying in your general field.Another non clinical or therapy related career in the area of psychology is education psychology. Going in this direction involves conducting research on how people learn, and/or designing methods and mater ials to enhance learning and intellectual, social, and emotional development. This area includes a routine of other regions of psychology including developmental, cognitive, and behavioral. Based on the title of this career it is highly possible that an educational psychologist would be working in elementary and secondary schools, along with colleges and universities. Another possible place of employment is with government agencies specializing in education. As an educational psychologist a person could work on curriculum development, incorporationg technology into education, or the studying of gifted learners or those with learning disabilities (Doovis, 2013) The salary earned by educational psychologists was not absolutely defined, however it would have some variation pertaining to where one was employed. According the Bureau of Labor Statistics general psychologists could earn anywhere between $66,810 and $89,900 depending on who was employed where and experience of each individ ual (BLS, 2010). Educational psychology would be a good career for individuals interested in the betterment of educational system to produce more productive adults for society, as well as a good place for people who enjoy working with kids through young adults.Psychology degrees contain such a wide area of options for employment that almost anyone could find a job they enjoy with this major. Many of these areas also contain sub level areas for example, a person could possibly be a developmental psychologist working with elderly people on how they learn and obtain information and the connections their brain makes while doing this. Overall, whichever area of psychology one may choose to go into after receiving their psychology degree will provide many benefits to our society whether its improved schools, understanding of mental disorders, understanding of development, or even counseling. The career options areendless.ReferencesBeilock, C. L. (2012). Areas of Development in Development al Psychology. Topics in Cognitive Science, 4, 731-739. Retrieved from http//web.ebscohost.com/ehostDozois, D. J. A.1. (2013). Psychological Treatments Putting Evidence Into Practice and Practice Into Evidence. Canadian Psychology, 54, 1-11. Retrieved from http//web.ebscohost.com/ehostMoberg, P.J (2006). The TCN/AACN 2005 Salary Survey Professional Practices, Beliefs, and Incomes of U.S. Neuropsychologists. clinical Neuropsychologist, 20, 325-364. Retrieved from Retrieved from http//web.ebscohost.com/ehostU.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2010). Occupational Outlook Handbook (2009-2010 ed.). Retrieved from http//www.bls.gov/oco/ocos056.htm

Communication Skill Essay

worldwide Conference Conferences, Symposia and Campus Events 2006 The Integration of Professional Communication Skills into engine room Education Dorthy Missingham University of Adelaide Originally promulgated in the Proceedings of the EDU-COM 2006 International Conference. Engagement and Empowerment New Opportunities for Growth in Higher Education, Edith Cowan University, Perth Western Australia, 22-24 November 2006.This Conference Proceeding is posted at investigate Online. http//ro. ecu. edu. au/ceducom/91 Missingham, D. The Universtiy of Adelaide, Australia. The Integration of Professional Communication Skills into Engineering Education Dr Dorthy Missingham schoolhouse of Mechanical Engineering The University of Adelaide. Australia dorothy. missinghamadelaide. edu. au ABSTRACT Conventional Engineering computer score is power extensivey focused on the development in students of practiced k no.eledge and skills.However, in recent familys, employers hold up increasingly a cknowledged that this traditional preparation of Engineering students is inadequate, as graduates lack the wide range of pen and spoken communion skills required to engage with members of other pro groups and with the kinder community. Recognition of the primal role that communicatory competency plays in overlord success inwardly the engine room industry has, as a result, led to a summate of tertiary institutions developing curricula to court these wishings.This paper baffles a productive integrated Engineering Communication curriculum, developed for near(prenominal) topical anesthetic anaesthetic and international Engineering students in an Australian university, which aims to develop devil communicative mightiness and community engagement. The builds that coordinate the Engineering Communication political platform cater for critical cognisance-raising of community issues such as ethics, sustainability and gender, side for academic and skipper Engineerin g purposes for some(prenominal) side as an superfluous Language (EAL) and English background students and advanced query intercourse for postgraduate students.All courses be strongly informed by scaffolded acquisition techniques, transcriptionic functional linguistics and genre theory, and most(prenominal) be run collaboratively by Engineering, Education and Applied Linguistics lecturers. The aims of the Program are to raise awareness in Engineering students just about, and to apparel them with skills for, their future roles and responsibilities, and to provide the community with engineers whose strong skillful knowledge is balanced by an sagacity of the broader social contexts with which they testament engage in their professional lives.INTRODUCTION The need for engineer students to acquire professional skills, in attachment to technical skills, in install to enhance both community engagement and career success has been increasingly articulated by educators and i ndustry professionals alike. Professional skills mentioned variously include police squadwork, conflict resolution, and an awareness of social justice, sustainability and ethics. However, as highlighted by Adams and Missingham (2006) the need for improved communicative competence in engineering graduates has been the professional skills area most widely discussed in enquiry and the engineering profession.Increasingly, engineers work in knowledge-intensive fields that require both high level conference and problem-solving skills (Alvesson 2004). In the Australian setting this need is recognised in the National Generic Competence Standards formulated by Engineers Australia, which extensively refers to communicative abilities passim its descriptors of competencies required by engineers (IE Aust 1999). However, research on employer satisfaction with engineering graduates communication skills indicates they are below desired requirements, both in Australia (DEETYA 2000) and abroad (Le e 2003).This paper discusses a successful integrative Engineering Communication curriculum, developed for both local and international Engineering students in The University of Adelaide, which aims to develop both communicative ability, and an understanding of the need and ability for community engagement. The paper begins with a brief comparative query of engineering communication direction in other universities, both in Australia and overseas. 346COMPARATIVE APPROACHES The critical role that communicative competence plays in both academic and professional success has, over the past decade, been recognised nationally and internationally in a number of tertiary institutions involved in engineering education (Najar 2001, Riemer 2002, Einstein 2002). A re mentation of writings, relating to engineering communication education, reveals several signifi mucklet trends common both within Australia and overseas. These trends identify three major areas of academic and professional enginee ring communication recognised by educators as important skills needed by graduating engineers.The teaching of verbal communication, written communication and teamwork skills adopt been introduced as partitioning of the undergraduate engineering curricula in various Universities world wide (Einstein 2002, Schowm & Hirsch 1999). Whilst the combination of communication skills taught and the methodologies used may vary betwixt institutions one particular stem or entree frequently emerges. An interdisciplinary procession to the teaching and discipline of engineering communication (Artemeva, Logie &St-Martin 1999, Jennings & Ferguson 1995) is being practiced by a small however increasing number of engineering faculties and colleges.Examination of interdisciplinary undertakees is important in relation to the integrative approach used by engineering and communication educators within the take of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Adelaide. In this respect, instruction and teaching of oral and written communication skills in engineering communication curricula have been examined whereas team work skills have not been specialisedally examined for this particular discussion, as it is considered as worthy of separate dedicated research .Studies under taken within Australian universities attest the need for high level communication skills. According to Najar (2001) communicative competence, including teamwork and professional writing skills for example, the ability to ? research, write and format basic research reports as healthy as developing formal oral presentation skills is important to prepare students for both ?academic success and the workplace. as well as Riemer (2002) claims that whilst engineering knowledge and technical expertness are important attri only ifes the graduate engineer must be open to present this knowledge ? ith an excellent standard of communication skills. However, where Najar accent markes written and teamwork communi cation skills, Riemer (2002) claims that vehemence on oral communication skills is highly measured by employers. Riemer further elabourates that oral communication and presentation skills are ? career enhancers which may be considered as ? the biggest single factor in determining a students career success or failure (Beder 2000 cited in Riemer 2002).Despite the apparent emphasis that Riemer places on oral communication skills he as well as acknowledges that there are a number of areas of communication skills which are necessary for engineers, including written communication skills, technical terminology and professional jargon. The later two areas are probably best described in linguistic call such as genre and discourse, which are indicative that for each specific discipline there is an accompanying language culture.Internationally, universities are also engaged in the teaching and learning of engineering communication skills. Einstein in his 2002 overview of changes in enginee ring education at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) describes a new approach implemented in the instill of Civil Engineering which was developed in response to the view that what was being taught in universities was increasingly divorced from practice. As a result twelve courses were either created or developed in most of which ? regular oral, written and illustrated presentations were required.Similarly Carlton University in Canada also recognised that the engineering discipline had specific postulate in the teaching and learning of communication skills (Artemeva et al 1999). These needs related instantly to the transition of engineering students from an ? academic to a workplace environment. In the consequence of Carlton University engineering communication studies emphasise written communication skills. The Carlton University approach described by Artemeva et al (1999) is in contrast to Riemers (2002) theoretical proposition on the intumescency required in dev eloping oral communication skills for the workplace.One other key difference in Riemers (2002) paper to the approaches suggested by Artemeva et al (1999) as well as Najar (2001) and Einstein (2002), is that Artemeva et al, Najar and Einstein are all overviewing programs of engineering communication already in existence. A common theme emergent in the literature is that many institutions recommend an interdisciplinary approach to the teaching and learning of engineering communication. Various researchers and educators claim that linking acquisition of academic communication skills to au and thentic engineering tasks 347 both challenges students negative attitudes, towards what they term ? earning English, as well as proves student motivation. Shwom and Hirsch (1999) claim that shared agenda between disciplines recognises the equal status of engineering and communication, or the ? equal place at centre stage of the course. This view is also reinforced by Jennnings and Ferguson in the ir 2002 study, of communication engineering skills in top executives University, Belfast, which states that through linking the study of communication skills to the exploration of engineering issues that communication skills become a key element in the educational process. Furthermore, ? here is a greater likelihood that students bequeath develop a damp overall perspective on their (engineering) subject. Significantly, many courses which have implemented an interdisciplinary approach have combined the teaching of communication skills with engineering design subjects. In an approach similar to that of the School of Mechanical Engineering, at The University of Adelaide, engineering schools at northwesterly University, USA, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Harvard and Flinders University, South Australia advocate an interdisciplinary approach that combines engineering communication with engineering design.In reference to the program at Northwestern University, Shwom & Hirsch (1999), claim that design and communication are ? ideal partners and that students ? combined knowledge of both fields will make them both better designers and better communicators. Additionally students are convinced of the importance of communication in engineering. Of the interdisciplinary approach taken at MIT, Einstein (2002) describes design as a synthesising process which requires various visual, written and problem solving skills inferring therefore that it is the natural setting for teaching and learning communication skills.He goes on to state that ? design (synthesis), coordination and communication are regarded as the major features of the MIT , Civil and Environmental approach to engineering education. Najar (2001) discusses the Language in Use (LIU) modules linked forthwith to engineering design vomit up work at Flinders University. A notable similarity with the approach of Adelaide Universitys School of Mechanical Engineering approach is that the development of stud ents engineering knowledge is supported in an compound way by the acquisition of professional and academic communication skills.Skills common to both universities include how to communicate orally, how to research, and how to write and format research reports. Similarly the interdisciplinary approach employed in the Civil Engineering Department at Queens University, Belfast covers related communication issues in use of the library (how to research), English composition and technical report writing (written communication) and Public speaking (oral communication).Additionally Queens University covers poster presentation (visual communication) an area that the Adelaide University program covers in fourth year but which is not mentioned in the Flinders University program. It is apparent from the literature therefore, that the need for communicative competence in engineering education has been recognised in a number of places worldwide. In particular, an interdisciplinary education appr oach in engineering communication has been introduced in a range of Universities which offer engineering studies.Despite some differences in the methodologies, curricula and elements of communication addressed by different universities, including the University of Adelaide, these studies indicate that the synthesis of engineering design, which is inherently practical in nature, with the need to communicate the design process and outcomes is both an ideal setting and an important factor for positively influencing student motivation and skills in the study of professional communication.By promoting a shared agenda between disciplines the literature also suggests that this may also promote student recognition of the importance of communication in engineering. Regardless of the similarities and differences of engineering communication education taken by the programs discussed here the literature agrees that increased levels of communicative competence relate directly to employability an d success in the engineering industry.THE ADELAIDE APPROACH Background The teaching of professional communication skills within the School of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Adelaide has evolved over a number of years since the mid 1990s. This evolution has experienced different iterations with the received approach developing more directly from a combination of initiatives taken both within the Faculty of Engineering and the School of Mechanical Engineering, and by the then Advisory Centre for University Education (ACUE), now the Centre for Learning and 348 Professional Development (CLPD).These initiatives led to the creation of various courses in Engineering Communication including courses for International students. The Faculty wide Engineering Communication (EAL) course was traditionally managed by the School of Mechanical Engineering. In Semester 2, 2006 this course was transferred to management by the Faculty pedantic Registrar in order to reflect the Faculty wi de nature of the need for dedicated engineering communication course for international undergraduates. Within the School other initiatives led to the teaching of Engineering Communication to 3rd year students.Initially taught as a separate subject this course was combined with the aim cardinal form in 2004. In the same year the School of Mechanical Engineering also created a new course, Engineering Planning be after and Communication (EPD&C), for entry level students. The Mechanical Engineering Communication approach consists of a fully integrated, nested curriculum of courses, designed to explicitly link communication learning to learning in engineering at all year levels, ? develop students ability to construct and present logical argument discursively, ? oster language development from reprobate level skills to large document written and oral communication, ? encourage active participation through course of study discussion and response to formative feedback, ? foster the ability to communicate problem identification, formulation and solution to diverse audiences and ? use development in communicative ability as a vehicle for fostering students perceptiveness into and perspective on engineering practice in the community, including the social, cultural, political, international and environmental context of professional engineering practice.Each course in the program, illustrated below in Figure 1, addresses these aims while embedded within either broader Engineering course curricula or, in the case of Engineering Communication EAL, within a curriculum that employs specific strategies that address the needs of EAL Engineering students (Adams & Missingham 2006). 349 EPD&C level I 2 Engineer Communication EAL 1 name Practice Level I I 2 Engineering and the Environment Level troika 2 Design & Commun. Level III 2Research Communication Program 1 Design Project Level IV 2 (Postgraduate) Figure 1 Mechanical Engineering Communication courses showing their re lationships to each other and the broader Engineering curriculum. 1 for students enrolled in all Engineering disciplines 2 for students enrolled in Mechanical Engineering Theory The theoretical underpinning of the first year Engineering Planning Design and Communication course and the third year Design and Communication course is based on the notion of ? ocial constuctivism as advanced by Vygotsky. In particular, Bruners concept of ? scaffolded learning (Wood, Bruner & go 1975) informs the student based approach that is centred on active participatory curricula which aims at assisting students to develop increasingly skilled levels of academic and professional communication. Social constructivism grew from a view that educational methods needed to be base concepts of learning beyond rote memorisation, ? egurgitation of facts and the division of knowledge into different subjects. Early approaches sought to provide appropriate learning situations where teachers allowed students to de velop their own knowledge, meaning and truth in a context which would enable them to use the learning throughout their purport. Vygotsky developed this philosophy, noting that ? the central fact about our psychology is the fact of mediation (Vygotsky 1978 p. 166).Social constructivists consider that the dynamic interaction between instructors, learners and tasks provides the opportunity for learners to create their own understanding through the interaction with others and is the most optimal learning environment. The constructivist approach, guiding the Mechanical Engineering communication courses is further reinforced in the application of Brunerian notions of the ? spiral curriculum. Bruner postulated that ? A curriculum as it develops should revisit the basic ideas repeatedly, building on them until the student has grasped the full formal apparatus that goes with them (Bruner 1960) p. 3). 350 In the School of Mechanical Engineering these theories guide the designing of courses w hich are aimed at developing generic language skills which can be used as the basis for current and future application within the engineering industry, quite a than a language course focussed solely on communicating engineering terms. The learning and teaching of communication skills a brush all levels of the undergraduate program enables scaffolding of knowledge to be integrated rather than focussing on a short d of student teacher interaction.Through this approach skills acquired in first year communication are reinforced in second year Design Practice, extended and elaborated on in the level III course and then reinforced a suck up through workshops and practice in the fourth year Design Project. Borrowing from neuroscience research into learning. the 2006 Level III and semester 2 EAL students have informed the idea of a concept of developing an habitual intellectual framework. Whilst relying on heavily on scaffolded learning, this concept also aims to redress some of the negati ve perceptions that engineering student have about ? earning English by encouraging students to acquire higher cognition learning in communication skills which they can then apply as habit. PRACTICE AND PERCEPTION Three dedicated communication courses are provided at undergraduate level, Engineering Communication EAL (English as an Additional Language), Engineering Design Planning and Communication (Level I) and Design and Communication (Level III). The overall aim of the three courses is to provide students with an nderstanding of the importance of communication to the professional engineer and to equip them with the necessary knowledge, skills, flexibility and confidence to be good engineering communicators. Through the application of Student Experience of Teaching and Learning (SELT) surveys students are able to footnote on and assess the effectiveness of the courses to their needs. At the same time instructors are able to monitor student needs and make appropriate changes to th e curriculum and methodology if required.Engineering Communication EAL Engineering Communication EAL was designed specifically to meet the particular needs of international students and to be complementary to the technical engineering courses students cut to complete their grades. Through a variety of formal and informal learning strategies students are introduced to and practice basic research techniques. These techniques include ? locating, critically reading and version academically acceptable tooth roots ? presenting their analysis in the form of evidenced based propositions with sources integrated appropriately ? resenting the argument in both a written and an oral form suitable for an academic audience. The strategies used emphasise participation and practice as key elements to becoming effective communicators. Therefore, classes are in truth active, sometimes strong-armer and frequently fun with group discussions and impromptu presentations of issues, group and individu al exercises integrated with peer teaching/learning through guided presentation of answers to the class, and open class discussion inviting students to academically critique their own and others responses.Student Experience of Teaching and Learning (SELT) surveys consistently indicate that learning outcomes for students are enhanced by ? full participation on (sic) the aims of the course, ? giving feedback to students about their participation, adjusting the teaching ? of various topics accordingly (sic) to the class enabling faster, more effective learning, ? very dynamic lessons and being ? able to stimulate my learning. Formal assessment strategies involve a series of formative assessments which involve students applying feedback provided to a subsequent assignment.Student comments indicate that this approach is highly effective. Design and Communication courses The Engineering Design Planning and Communication (Level I) and Design and Communication (Level III) courses are provi ded for all students undertaking degree programs in the School of Mechanical Engineering. The integration of communication and engineering design was devised specifically to emphasise the importance of professional engineering communication and to ensure that communication is not seen by students as a stand alone subject that can be completed and then forgotten about.The effectiveness of this approach in highlighting the importance of communication has been recognised by students who report that the course(s) ? improves your speaking and writing skills, 351 ?helps with the written work in other subjects, they have ? learnt how to write for university assignments, and ? learning academic writing (is) useful to further years of study. A number of students have explicitly stated that the course taught them ? to communicate effectively and should be compulsory for all engineer?.These comments are also consistent with graduate attributes specified as important not only by the Faculty but also by the engineering industry, including ? the ? ability to communicate effectively, ? the ? ability to undertake problem identification, formulation and solution ? the acquisition of skills to enable the ? pursuit of life long learning. play material is also designed to be complementary to the Engineering Communication EAL course by providing reinforcement of and extension to the skills learnt.For example, the Level I course provides students with the additional educational framework and the opportunity to apply skills learnt in ESL to the needs of report writing and the oral presentation of progress reports on a Planning and Design project. Student feedback through SELT surveys consistently evidence the importance of these skills, for example, ? It was great knowing how to structure a report properly and the ? grounding to engineering report writing is very comprehensive.A further integrative approach that has been taken in the Level I and Level III courses is reflected in t he establishment of the relationships with prior learning and future learning. For example, Level III examines structure, cohesion, critical thinking and analysis, the use of evidence, presenting arguments both in written and oral form and report writing at a more advanced level than the Level I course. The Level III communication course is also an important prerequisite to level the IV Design Project, where all students must write an extensive design report and present a professional seminar on their project. Challenges and Outcomes confirmable and anecdotal evidence indicates that engineers are poor communicators and that one of the factors which influences student choice in undertaking engineering studies is the belief they will not need ? English?. Therefore, discussions and exercises are designed to encourage students to participate and practice skills, to be flexible in their approach to language and its uses, to contribute their ideas, to build on their strengths and to devel op confidence. The value placed on practical evidencing of communication is reflected in a participation mark, worth 20% of the total assessment. As a result classes are clangorous and dynamic.Students also find that effective communication can be both useful and enjoyable. For example, SELT comments show ? I like the idea of students presenting ideas on overheads (transparencies) in class activities, the course ? keeps people interested in tasks that could be very boring, ? A good environment for learning is provided and ? interactivity of the class in tasks helps us to gain a better understanding of the subject. Similar strategies of regular class and group discussions as well as workshop exercises are used throughout the courses to ensure students regularly practice the skills of communication.Student response indicates that group learning and discussion ? stimulates learning without placing student under pressure and that all studentsare able to learn something regardless of la nguage ability. Individual students and groups are invited to present analyses and answers to the whole class and then to call for comments from their peers. The importance to student learning of this approach is exemplified in the following SELT comment ? Doing exercises and presentations in class forced me to do the work which I otherwise would not have touched if it had been set as homework. I appreciate that. Students are encouraged to form cross cultural groups during classes, so that a greater understanding of diversity and its value in engineering is promoted. At the same time students must undertake practical work in developing effective team work skills in order to be able to complete tasks and class based exercises. Students frequently comment that the group work is the best aspect of the course as it provides opportunity to improve social communication skills and to gain a real sense of diversity through their interaction with students of different socio-cultural, and et hnic backgrounds.Student comments indicate that working in cross cultural groups encourages ? acceptance of all ideas. Students discuss and at times challenge the characteristics of English for academic and professional purposes as presented in these courses. In doing so, students become increasingly aware of how purpose and socio-cultural factors shape the kind of language used in different contexts rather than 352 viewing language as simply correct or incorrect, or based predominantly on the rules of grammar.Issues of ethics and social responsibility arise naturally in relation to topics and lecturers encourage students to discuss these in class. Similarly communication and management themes highlight the nontechnical role aspects of engineering. Students have reflected that ? This (allows you to) practice skills you actually need and there is a ? good balance for a broad variety of skills development. Links to industry expectations are also reinforced through guest presentations from graduate engineers, Engineers Australia and industry leaders.In these way students are encouraged to let out their perception of the engineering industry as a technical culture to include the understanding that engineering is also a communicative culture. Formal sagacity of Student Work A series of formal assessments, both oral and written are also undertaken to ensure that students can also apply research and analytical skills in a ? planned and timely manner as highlighted by engineering graduate attributes. Formative feedback is given on all assignments in order that students may take full advantage of self directed learning.Students who apply the feedback to subsequent assignments are rewarded for both the attempt and the quality of the improvements made. Students report that this approach provides ? constructive criticism which ? helps each student to ? check their drafts carefully. Assessment criteria and their relationship to graduate attributes are fully discussed in both the course notes and in conjunction with exercises, and students have expressed this helps them to place learning in the context of professional and industry expectations, ? hen its explained, it makes sense that engineers spend so some(prenominal) time writing reports, talking to clients and presenting project ideas to meetings. RESEARCH TOPICS AND TOPICAL RESEARCH To broaden student awareness of their professional responsibilities as engineers within society, in addition to operating within a company framework, research topics are carefully chosen to reflect community and industry concerns. In particular the topics chosen provide for critical awareness-raising of community issues such as ethics, sustainability and social justice.For example, the research topic for the current semesters Engineering Communication EAL course is the Role of Engineers, through which students are exploring issues such as personal and interpersonal skills, engineering education and life long learni ng, ethical responsibilities, social and environmental factors, holistic thinking, entrepreneurship as well as technical skills. Previous topics have included an examination of gender issues in engineering education and the profession, forensic engineering, and the effects of teamwork on the outcomes of engineering projects.The imbedded nature of the Engineering communication theory courses within the engineering curriculum ensures that the research topics are relevant to engineering practice, topical and frequently devised in collaboration with engineering lecturers. Level III Design and Communication research topics, for example, are devised together with the design lecturer and sometimes also with reference to other departmental members. The current semesters research topic was directly linked to the Design Project topics. These topics and the communication research topic specifically designed to be co-related.Through this collaborative approach aspect of sustainability in engin eering practice are reinforced and student skills in critical thinking, analysis and evaluation of research information are further developed. In Design the projects are to design a Formula SAE Car, Bio-Oil Trike, Biodiesel Bike, 1. 0 litre Biodiesel Taxi Tuk-Tuk, Hybrid Solar Electric Vehicle, Biodiesel Boat, Formula SAE Aircraft, Alternative Energy 2-Seater Aircraft, Hybrid Solar/Biofuel Generator, Fossil-Fuel-Free irrigation system or a Nano-satellite. The topic for the Communication assignments is ? ustainability, applied to the chosen design project. , as outlined below. Topic The broad objective of sustainable development is ? to discover social justice, sustainable economies, and environmental sustainability? ( European Conference on Sustainable Cities & Towns, 1994). Australia has a National Strategy for Ecologically Sustainable Development which aims to ? meet the needs of Australians today, while conserving our ecosystems for the benefit of future generations? (Office of Sustainability, Department of Environment and Heritage, 2006). 53 Task Environmental sustainability is a fundamental aspect of sustainability. For your Communication assignments you should identify how environmentally sustainable features can be incorporated in the design of your project, for example a bio-diesel boat, or alternative energy 2-seater aircraft. In addition, you should compare the effects of these features to a traditionally designed version of your project. You are not expected to justify sustainability. Your research must focus on the specific features of sustainable transport. Yong & Missingham, 2006) Previous research topics have included the following Investigate an ethical dilemma in an engineering project, and critically evaluate the response of the engineering company or companies involved, in terms of relevant tenets of the IEAust Code of Ethics. (Yong & Missingham, 2005) Select an example of technological development that is prominent in industrialised socie ty and analyse the benefits as well as the unfavorable effects of this technology to individuals, society and the environment. Yong & Missingham, 2004) A high level of both professional communication skills and an appreciation of community concerns required to be developed by the Level III Mechanical Engineering students. The topic descriptions have also been carefully devised to illustrate to students the inter-relationship of effective communication and an understanding of the social, cultural, political, international and environmental impacts unverbalised in the professional practice of engineering.These expectations are detailed in the Research Topic paper given below. ?Your research is to be based on a topic which has social, cultural, economic, and/or political implications. Engineers work in every sphere of life. As a professional engineer you will be working in an array of industries, in various contexts, and making contact with many people about professional organisation s, government departments and agencies, allied industries and organisations, academics, and others.As an effective communicator and decision maker, you will need to be able to present your interpretation and findings on a range of issues, as will occur in the negotiation and management of projects, the patience of tenders, and the advising of clients. The topic for your research in this subject aims to provide you will strategies to both write and talk about your interpretation and findings about diverse issues. Your writing and your presentations will be an attempt to convince a nonspecialist audience of your point of view.You may choose one of the following areas of research for your project. Topic A the impact of engineering projects on local communities The projects you may work on as an engineer could have significant social, cultural, economic, and/or political implications for people and communities who are not directly involved in the implementation of the project. Your re search task is to Discuss an engineering project which has, or has had, a significant impact/s on local communities Your research is to examine the impacts and outcomes of a specific engineering project on a community or communities.Examples of engineering projects could be dams or hydro-electric projects, weapons testing, mining, the building and effect of chemical or other industrial plants, building roads and railways, and others. The size of the project is unimportant, rather it is its impact on the local community which will be the focus of your research. The impacts could be one of the following scenarios, or a combination of scenarios ? Well recognised and integrated into the planning of the engineering project, yet have provided, or are providing, difficulties in the implementation and outcomes of the project ?Recognised by the local communities or interest groups, but rejected or ignored by project planners and workers ? Unrealised in past projects, with the long-term cons equences now the subject of community and/or legal dispute. 354 Your discussion needs to be an examination, that is, an analysis of the impacts arising from the project. turn away lengthy descriptions of the history of the project, the engineering technicalities, or merely describing the impacts.You need to read as widely as possible about the project you have chosen, and from your interpretation of the source information provide a discussion of the (perhaps disputed) impact/s of the project. Limit your scope so that you have a specialised focus, that is, analyse only two or three impacts of the project. The word limit set for your assignments means you will not be able to cover all aspects of the project. Your focus needs to be an in-depth examination rather than a broad sweep of issues. Topic B the impact of patently unsophisticated technology on the existence of communities.This topic also aims to examine the impact of (seemingly simple) technology on the existence and quali ty of life for those who use or used the technology. Your task is to Discuss the impact of a seemingly simple technology on the existence of a community This research topic involves examining the design logic underpinning the technology and importantly the effectiveness of its use. Examples of apparently simple technology could be the boomerang, other hunting implements, for example, harpoons and poison arrows, a specific type of irrigation system, terracing for the cultivation of crops, and others.Your research needs to take account of ? The design logic underpinning the technology ? The quality of life and survival provided for those who used the technology ? Any evidence which debates the effectiveness of technology, particularly its long term use. The technology you are examining may have been beneficial for a community in the short term, but in the longer term, further developments, modifications, abandonment of the technology, may have ensured a better quality of life, even su rvival, of a community. Long term environmental impacts could be important in your study.Your discussion needs to be an analysis of the effectiveness, or otherwise, of the technology. Avoid lengthy descriptions of the history or the form of the technology. This information needs to be only brief background information. You need to read as widely as possible about the technology you have chosen, and from your interpretation of the source information provide a discussion of the (perhaps disputed) effects of its use. Limit your scope so that you have a specialised focus, that is, on the analysis of two or three aspects of effectiveness of the technology.The technology could be from any era, past or even present day. If you are examining past technology, your focus needs to be on the effectiveness, or otherwise, of the technology itself for its intended purpose regardless of other influencing factors such as the entranceway of other technology as a result of invasion, colonisation, or economic factors. Alternatively, the technology could be in current use or development, such as reversions to more environmentally sustainable technologies, for example, wind power. ( foment, 2002) CONCLUSION By promoting a shared agenda between language and engineering disciplines it is suggested that this may also promote student recognition of the importance of communication in engineering. Regardless of the similarities and differences of engineering communication education taken by various programs discussed here, increased levels of communicative competence relate directly to employability and success in the engineering industry.The program developed by School of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Adelaide represents a successful integrative Engineering Communication curriculum, developed for both local and international Engineering students in an Australian university, which aims to develop communicative ability, community engagement and an awareness of the social, c ultural, political, international, environmental and ethical contexts in which professional engineers practice. 55 ACKNOWLEDEMENTS Thanks go to many colleagues and friends, and to staff and students of the School of Mechanical Engineering who provided input (often unwittingly) to this research proposal. Thank you to Karen Adams for the stimulant and frequent discussions on many things educational and philosophical and Colin Kestell engineering lecturer extraordinaire who can always be relied on to stimulate teaching enthusiasm and creativity. umpteen thanks go to wonderful colleagues Elizabeth Yong and Kristin Munday whose considerable work is also represented here, and to Catherine Irving and Patricia Zoltan whose support, intellectual contributions and hard work have also contributed to this program. Thank you also to Barbara Wake whose commitment to and knowledge of academic communication which, together with the vision of Colin Hansen, Head of the School of Mechanical Engineerin g have enabled the development of such a successful program of professional and academic engineering communication.Special thanks to Roxanne Missingham for the editing and encouragement. 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