Alienation within Beloved Essay - 1209 Words

Alienation within â€Å"Beloved† â€Å"Cultural trauma refers to a dramatic loss of identity and meaning, a tear in the social fabric, affecting a group of people that has achieved some degree of cohesion† (Day 2). This quote by Ron Eyerman in â€Å"Cultural Trauma† references a large theme within the novel â€Å"Beloved†; Alienation of the self with its own identity. As the cultural trauma of slavery took its toll on the populations of each and every state where it persisted, it culminated in the same outcome in every instance. Put quite simply, the institution of slavery forms concrete and seemingly immovable walls between slave and master. Within this practice, members of these societies became locked into their respective roles. Erikson defines†¦show more content†¦The definers took it upon themselves to destroy all that is human within those that they controlled. Sethe, has only one motivation in life by the the time schoolteacher arrives at Sweet Home, her motherhood. And through the â€Å"theft† of her breast milk, her humanity is depleted. Her milk, is the only thing that still belongs to her, she has been stripped of all else. Her masters have defined her as a beast. They rip away her worth as a woman and as a mother and label her as an animal. Schoolteacher himself leads the â€Å"education† effort where he classifies his slaves animal characteristics. Even Mr. Garner, who seems a much more gentle man than his predecessor, still fulfills the role of the definer. As he proudly proclaims that he treats his slaves like â€Å"men† he still accepts that it is within his rights to label them as he pleases. They are men because he gives that to them, thus challenging if their manhood is anything more than a title. This causes the slaves to look to their master in order to understand themselves the way their master sees them. This act of looking upwards for identity only further increases the slaves alienation, for instead of creating commu nity and identifying within each other, the slaves look to their master for how to define themselves. The relationship of slave to master becomes the only one that the slave knows or understands. Sethe had been deprived of any sort of familialShow MoreRelated Existentialism, Beloved, and The Bluest Eye Essay3346 Words   |  14 PagesExistentialism, Beloved, and The Bluest Eye  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Toni Morrison has written several novels, many of which show the influence of existentialist thinking; however, Beloved and The Bluest Eye both strongly illustrate all of the major existential themes. Beloved is a novel about a woman, Sethe, who escapes from slavery with her children. She is haunted both physically and psychologically by her experience, as evidenced by the scars she carries on her back from a severe beatingRead MoreToni Morrisons Beloved Essay1412 Words   |  6 PagesBeloved analyzes the materialistic, emotional, and spiritual devastation constructed by slavery, a havoc that continues to taunt many; even those who were set â€Å"free†. This negative impact that slavery has left on former slaves stripped them of their sense of self and identity, marking them for the rest of their lives. The novel Beloved by Toni Morrison explores multiple examples, of self-isolation and the haunting of one s past. To further elabor ate such examples, the story of Margaret Garner, toldRead MorePoem Analysis : Somewhere I Have Never Travelled 1056 Words   |  5 Pagespoem America was in the Great Depression, an economic collapse, which affected the whole country. Unlike the Romantic worldview, which drew on growth, nature and progress, the Modernist writer wrote about decay and the ever-growing isolation and alienation of the individual. War and economic disaster certainly held tremendous influence on these modern ways of observing the world, and the rapid advancement in modern technology was perceived as capitalist, impersonal and hostile to the creative, artisticRead MoreIsolation in Dr. Frankenstein1463 Words   |  6 PagesIsolation Isolation is one the roots of the problems and calamities endured by many characters depicted in the beloved and Dr Frankenstein. We see individuals like Sethe forced into slavery, she was abandoned by her mother, who was killed after a failed attempt to run away. She experienced hard times before being sold to sweet home at a tender age. Fast forward down years later, she started her own family with Halle. We see Sethe turn out to be someone who is obsessed with taking care of herRead MoreThe Need to Belong Essay957 Words   |  4 Pagesdestructive cycle of isolation and self-alienation. Peter Skrzynecki’s â€Å"Immigrant Chronicles† serves to highlight the basic fundamental desire to belong and the importance it holds on each individual. This notion is further explored with Skrzynecki’s poems â€Å"St Patrick’s College†, â€Å"Feliks Skrzynecki† and Gabrielle Muccino’s 21st century film â€Å"Pursuit of Happyness†. The notion of belonging being an inherent part of human nature is extensively explored within St Patrick’s College. This poem is n oticedRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye Essay1442 Words   |  6 Pagesdimensions attached to the ‘incapacitation and debilitation’ Holden is often accused of and address Salinger’s vision behind etching Caulfield precisely the way he is. The paper also wishes to foreground the socio-political implications that reverberate within the rubric of the novel, Holden’s characterization and his abhorrence at the ‘phoniness’ that surrounds him- an aspect of the novel that has oft been overlooked by critics, reviewers and commentators alike in their attempt to mete out an avalancheRead MoreAnalysis Of Edgar Allen Poe s The Raven984 Words   |  4 Pagesof experiencing love is loss because at that point your loneliness creates a veil of uncertainty in everything you do. Through imagery, repetition, and allegory, Poe conveys to the reader that the loss of a loved one results in lonesomeness and alienation not just from one’s self-but from the worl d. Imagery is what places you in the setting of the poem. Imagery in a poem is essential because you need to vicariously see through the writer’s eyes to get an idea on what they feel emotionally or whatRead MoreThe Epic Of Gilgamesh, By Herbert Mason880 Words   |  4 PagesGilgamesh is an ancient text which still exists today, it dates back to approximately 3,000 B.C. Despite the fact that it is old, people can still relate to its themes today. A few themes portrayed within the story include, love, friendship, the meaning of life, and death. A book that well represents a human’s existence in this world. At some point every individual experiences those issues in their life. Gilgamesh represents existentialism; a philosophy that emphasizes individual existence, freedomRead MoreDivorce And Its Effect On Children901 Words   |  4 Pages Many Americans have developed a new definition of family due to the rapidly changing culture of our times. These culture and value chang es have drastically brought a change to the traditional ideas of the past resulting in many different changes within the nuclear family of the past. Divorce has become rampant amongst the American population, which is causing many Sociological problems to those that have to go through the depressing and saddening stages of stress, especially to the children of whoseRead MorePauls View On The Church1480 Words   |  6 PagesPresented to Dr. Presley Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary __________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for NTS 3213 __________________ by Jin Hyun July 27, 2015 PAULS VIEW ON THE CHURCH Apostle Paul is one of the most beloved follower and author of 14 books in the New Testament. One of the most prominent teachings of Paul is regarding on the subject of the church. Not only did he write letters to church but in many occasion talked about what the church is. But the question

Animal Testing Should Not Be Banned - 858 Words

When people think of cheating they think of copying off a smart student in school, or having somebody else do their homework. However in the livestock industry cheating happens in many other ways. Obviously, the main goal when showing an animal is to win, or make the sale at their respective shows. How far will exhibitors actually go to win a show though? In recent years there has been controversy at many major livestock shows over drug testing, and animals testing hot for illegal drugs which means when tested there was traces found of illegal substances within the animal. This is not the only way people have been caught cheating though; some exhibitors have switched animals with another exhibitor prior to the show. Showing an animal at the county fair or state fair is supposed to be an educational experience where kids learn responsibility and hard work, not getting placed last in class because somebody cheated to win. In an article Drug Testing in Show Animals by Living the C ountry Life states, â€Å"Most shows are going to do winners, either class winners or champions, depends on how deep they re going to go, and randoms in a urine test.† This quote is explaining a policy on drug testing at some of the major livestock shows across the United States. Sure, many livestock shows drug test the winners but how do they actually get punished? The article Drug Testing in Show Animals by Living the Country Life describes, â€Å"If drug residues are found, penalties may includeShow MoreRelatedShould Animal Testing Be Banned?844 Words   |  3 PagesShould animal testing be banned? Nowadays, a lot of animals has been tested on a range of experiments over the world. You could be supporting animal teasing cruelty without knowing it. Have you ever check if there’s animal testing on the cosmetics before you buy it? Today, a lot of cosmetics has been testing on helpless animals and there are about 1.4 million animals die each year from animal testing ( CatalanoJ, 1994). Most of the experiments that are completed in the laboratories are very cruelRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Be Banned880 Words   |  4 Pagesdepending on animals testing. Therefore, if people talk about laboratories, they should remember animal experiments. Those animals have the right to live, according to people who dislike the idea of doing testing on animals; the other opinion, supports the idea of animal testing as the important part of the source of what has reached medicine of the results and solutions for diseases prevalent in every time and place. Each year huge numbers of animals a re sacrificed for the science all these animals, whetherRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Be Banned776 Words   |  4 PagesAnimal Testing Should be Banned  ¨Over 100 million animals are burned, crippled, poisioned and abused in US labs every year ¨ ( ¨11 Facts About Animal Testing ¨). Imagine if that was someones animal getting tortured in labs just to test things such as beauty products and perfume. Animal testing was first suggested when,  ¨Charles Darwin evolutionary theory in the mid 1850s also served to suggest that animals could serve as effective models to facilitate biological understanding in humans ¨ (Murnaghan)Read MoreAnimal Testing Should Not Be Banned940 Words   |  4 Pages1). Over 100 million animals are burned, crippled, poisoned, and abused in US labs every year. 2). 92% of experimental drugs that are safe and effective in animals fail in human clinical trials. (DoSomething â€Å"11 Facts About Animal Testing†). There are currently no laws combating the testing of cosmetics on animals, but the practice is harmful and must be ended. As evidenced by the statistics above, millions of animals are tortured and murdered in the United States every year for virtually no reasonRead MoreShould Animal Testing Be Banned?1665 Words   |  7 PagesTesting Cosmetics on Animals Companies around the world use animals to test cosmetics. Animals, such as rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters, rats, and mice, are used to test the effects of chemicals on the eyes and skin. While animal testing is not mandatory, many companies use it. About Cosmetics Animal Testing by the Humane Society International talks about the different options companies have that do not require the cruel use and eventual death of animals. The article also talks about the overallRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Not Be Banned1572 Words   |  7 PagesAnimal Testing Every year, over two hundred million innocent animals are injured or killed in scientific experiments across the world. Of those animals, between seventeen and twenty million are used in the United States alone. It is said that an animal dies in a laboratory every three seconds (Animal Testing 101). Those in favor of animal experimentation say they are taking animals’ lives to save humans. It is not necessary to subject animals to torturous conditions or painful experiments in theRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Not Be Banned1581 Words   |  7 PagesAnimal testing is being used by different organizations all over the world to prevent specific diseases, especially cancer. Americans see animal testing having a harmful effect but it is one of the main reasons why society has most cures for some illnesses. This topic is important because people need to know what goes on during animal testing and why it is very beneficial. Animal testing needs to be used to find all cures. Some ani mals such as chimps/ monkeys have 90% of the same DNA humans haveRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Not Be Banned1721 Words   |  7 Pages † Today, more animals are being used in experiments than ever before: around 100 million in the United States alone† (3). Animal testing is now an international issue, and it is becoming a major story. Currently, animals are often used in medical testing, make-up testing, and other consumer product testing. Animals used in such product testing are often abused and suffer from serious side-effects. Animal testing can be painful for the animals, testing results are usually not even useable forRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Be Banned1364 Words   |  6 Pagesbenefit. Using animals for these experimentations usually does not come to mind. Animals are often abused, suffer, and even die during laboratory testing for the benefits of people to make sure medications, household products, newest procedures, and cosmetics are safe and effective for human use. Humans have benefited from animal testing for years while these animals suffer consequences with no positive outcomes for themselves. Even if a product or procedure is deemed successful, these animals are frequentlyRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Be Banned Essay1632 Words   |  7 Pages Animal Testing Should Be Banned Throughout the decades, animals have been used in medical research to test the safety of cosmetics including makeup, hair products, soaps, perfume, and countless of other products. Animals have also been used to test antibiotics and other medicines to eliminate any potential risks that they could cause to humans. The number of animals worldwide that are used in laboratory experiments yearly exceeds 115 million animals. Unfortunately, only a small percentage of

Music as culture Essay Example For Students

Music as culture Essay For this assignment, I have chosen a type of music called NCAA teen chine which is known as the Vietnamese pre-war music. Pre-war music is popular for stage music in Vietnam. This type of music is known as the origin of Vietnamese popular music due to the melancholy, harmonious, and sentimental, and to this day many romantic songs from the Vietnamese pre-war music are valuable in the culture. This type of music is also a respected song in the country, and it is very popular with the older enervation that grew up during that time period, like my parents for example. One of the most popular NCAA teen chine is called Got Mum HTH (Autumn Rain Drops) by Dang The Phone, an iconic musician of the time period. My father who was a Lieutenant in the South Vietnamese Army, would tell me war stories all the time when I was younger. It was his way of preserving the hardships his generation endured in the Vietnam War and this song is also one of his favorites. Vietnam has a long history f wars before and after the Vietnam War. Peace did not seem to last very long until the ass. This song was a reflection for those times of unrest in the country. When dissecting the music, Got Mum HTH, (Autumn Rain Drops), I believe that Autumn is referring to wars that come and go. Wars seemed like they were seasonal to the people back then. Rain drops are the tears shed for sadness that comes with the bloodshed. The people long for peace, hoping one day it will come. As the wars drag on, they are still hanging on to that hope. The instrumental intro gives us a somber feeling yet gives us a sense of anticipation of things to come. There are many variations throughout the years, but the best instruments used for this song is the Dang ABA (a monochrome) and Dan Unguent (the moon lute). The sounds from these instruments are unique from one another and adds more feelings to the song. The combination of these sounds and the singers powerful, somber tone makes the song very emotional. Songs like this also gives people hope in tough times. After the Vietnam War, my relatives and other citizens of South Vietnam continued to struggle with the ideals of communism. They were hit with another setback, the communist North confiscated money, land, and homes of the citizens of the South Vietnamese. All the wealthy people in the South became poor overnight. My parents, like many people, had to leave their country to search for a better life. That is some of the reasons why this song is so popular with the older generations. It reminds them of their heritage, their struggles, and hardships they have endured. It is that sense of never giving up hope that helped them to strive for a better life. Songs of this genre have persisted for decades, they instill pride and hope in the people of Vietnam. As times are changing and styles of music evolve, it is important to keep up with the music in our cultures history. They are not Just words written to the sound of musical instruments, they are a gateway to our cultures past. They display the sounds, experience, and emotions from the people of that time period. Music as culture By shoeshine

Poetry Forms and Types Essay Example

Poetry: Forms and Types Paper Acrostic A poem in which the first letter of each line spells out a word, name, or phrase when read vertically. See Lewis Carrolls A Boat beneath a Sunny Sky. Alexandrine In English, a 12-syllable iambic line adapted from French heroic verse. The last line of each stanza in Thomas Hardys The Convergence of the Twain and Percy Bysshe Shelleys To a Skylark is an alexandrine. Anagram A word spelled out by rearranging the letters of another word; for example, The teacher gapes at the mounds of exam pages lying before her. Ars Poetica A poem that explains the art of poetry, or a medidation on poetry using the form and techniques of a poem. Horaces Ars Poetica is an early example, and the foundation for the tradition. While Horace writes of the importance of delighting and instructing audiences, modernist ars poetica poets argue that poems should be written for their own sake, as art for the sake of art. Archibald MacLeishs famous Ars Poetica sums up the argument: A poem should not mean / But be. See also Alexander Popes An Essay on Criticism, William Wordsworths Prelude, and Wallace Stevenss Of Modern Poetry. Aubade A love poem or song welcoming or lamenting the arrival of the dawn. The form originated in medieval France. See John Donnes The Sun Rising and Louise Bogans Leave-Taking. Browse more aubade poems. Ballad A popular narrative song passed down orally. In the English tradition, it usually follows a form of rhymed (abcb) quatrains alternating four-stress and three-stress lines. Folk (or traditional) ballads are anonymous and recount tragic, comic, or heroic stories with emphasis on a central dramatic event; examples include Barbara Allen and John Henry. Beginning in the Renaissance, poets have adapted the conventions of the folk ballad for their own original compositions. Examples of this literary ballad form include John Keatss La Belle Dame sans Merci, Thomas Hardys During Wind and Rain, and Edgar Allan Poes Annabel Lee. Browse more ballads. Ballade An Old French verse form that usually consists of three eight-line stanzas and a four-line envoy, with a rhyme scheme of ababbcbc bcbc. The last line of the first stanza is repeated at the end of subsequent stanzas and the envoy. See Hilaire Bellocs Ballade of Modest Confession and Algernon Charles Swinburnes translation of Franà §ois Villons Ballade des Pendus (Ballade of the Hanged). Bucolic See pastoral poetry. Canto A long subsection of an epic or long narrative poem, such as Dante Alighieris Commedia (The Divine Comedy), first employed in English by Edmund Spenser in The Faerie Queene. Other examples include Lord Byrons Don Juan and Ezra Pounds Cantos. Canzone Literally song in Italian, the canzone is a lyric poem originating in medieval Italy and France and usually consisting of hendecasyllabic lines with end-rhyme. The canzone influenced the development of the sonnet. Carol A hymn or poem often sung by a group, with an individual taking the changing stanzas and the group taking the burden or refrain. See Robert Southwells The Burning Babe. Many traditional Christmas songs are carols, such as I Saw Three Ships and The Twelve Days of Christmas. Concrete poetry Verse that emphasizes nonlinguistic elements in its meaning, such as a typeface that creates a visual image of the topic. Examples include George Herberts Easter Wings and The Altar and George Starbucks Poem in the Shape of a Potted Christmas Tree. Browse more concrete poems. Couplet A pair of successive rhyming lines, usually of the same length. A couplet is closed when the lines form a bounded grammatical unit like a sentence (see Dorothy Parkers Interview: The ladies men admire, Ive heard, /Would shudder at a wicked word.). The heroic couplet is written in iambic pentameter and features prominently in the work of 17th- and 18th-century didactic and satirical poets such as Alexander Pope: Some have at first for wits, then poets passd, /Turnd critics next, and proved plain fools at last. Browse more couplet poems. Curtal sonnet See Sonnet. Didactic poetry Poetry that instructs, either in terms of morals or by providing knowledge of philosophy, religion, arts, science, or skills. Although some poets believe that all poetry is inherently instructional, didactic poetry separately refers to poems that contain a clear moral or message or purpose to convey to its readers. John Miltons epic Paradise Lost and Alexander Popes An Essay on Man are famous examples. See also William Blakes A Divine Image, Rudyard Kiplings If—, and Alfred Lord Tennysons In Memoriam. Dirge A brief hymn or song of lamentation and grief; it was typically composed to be performed at a funeral. In lyric poetry, a dirge tends to be shorter and less meditative than an elegy. See Christina Rossettis A Dirge and Sir Philip Sidneys Ring Out Your Bells. Doggerel Bad verse traditionally characterized by clichà ©s, clumsiness, and irregular meter. It is often unintentionally humorous. The giftedly bad William McGonagall was an accomplished doggerelist, as demonstrated in The Tay Bridge Disaster Dramatic monologue A poem in which an imagined speaker addresses a silent listener, usually not the reader. Examples include Robert Brownings My Last Duchess, T.S. Eliots The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, and Ais Killing Floor. A lyric may also be addressed to someone, but it is short and songlike and may appear to address either the reader or the poet. Browse more dramatic monologue poems. Eclogue A brief, dramatic pastoral poem, set in an idyllic rural place but discussing urban, legal, political, or social issues. Bucolics and idylls, like eclogues, are pastoral poems, but in nondramatic form. See Edmund Spensers Shepheardes Calendar: April, Andrew Marvells Nymph Complaining for the Death of Her Fawn, and John Crowe Ransoms Eclogue. Elegy In traditional English poetry, it is often a melancholy poem that laments its subjects death but ends in consolation. Examples include John Miltons Lycidas; Alfred, Lord Tennysons In Memoriam; and Walt Whitmans When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloomd. More recently, Peter Sacks has elegized his father in Natal Command, and Mary Jo Bang has written You Were You Are Elegy and other poems for her son. In the 18th century the elegiac stanza emerged, though its use has not been exclusive to elegies. It is a quatrain with the rhyme scheme ABAB written in iambic pentameter. Browse more elegies. Envoi (or Envoy) The brief stanza that ends French poetic forms such as the ballade or sestina. It usually serves as a summation or a dedication to a particular person. See Hilaire Bellocs satirical Ballade of Modest Confession. Epic A long narrative poem in which a heroic protagonist engages in an action of great mythic or historical significance. Notable English epics include Beowulf, Edmund Spensers The Faerie Queene (which follows the virtuous exploits of 12 knights in the service of the mythical King Arthur), and John Miltons Paradise Lost, which dramatizes Satans fall from Heaven and humankinds subsequent alienation from God in the Garden of Eden. Browse more epics. Epigram A pithy, often witty, poem. See Walter Savage Landors Dirce, Ben Jonsons On Gut, or much of the work of J.V. Cunningham. Epistle A letter in verse, usually addressed to a person close to the writer. Its themes may be moral and philosophical, or intimate and sentimental. Alexander Pope favored the form; see his Epistle to Dr. Arbuthnot, in which the poet addresses a physician in his social circle. The epistle peaked in popularity in the 18th century, though Lord Byron and Robert Browning composed several in the next century; see Byrons Epistle to Augusta. Less formal, more conversational versions of the epistle can be found in contemporary lyric poetry; see Hayden Carruths The Afterlife: Letter to Sam Hamill or Dear Mr. Fanelli by Charles Bernstein. Browse more epistles. Epitaph A short poem intended for (or imagined as) an inscription on a tombstone and often serving as a brief elegy. See Robert Herricks Upon a Child That Died and Upon Ben Jonson; Ben Jonsons Epitaph on Elizabeth, L. H.; and Epitaph for a Romantic Woman by Louise Bogan. Epithalamion A lyric poem in praise of Hymen (the Greek god of marriage), an epithalamion often blesses a wedding and in modern times is often read at the wedding ceremony or reception. See Edmund Spensers Epithalamion. Browse more epithalamions. Fixed and unfixed forms Poems that have a set number of lines, rhymes, and/or metrical arrangements per line. Browse all terms related to forms, including alcaics, alexandrine, aubade, ballad, ballade, carol, concrete poetry, double dactyl, dramatic monologue, eclogue, elegy, epic, epistle, epithalamion, free verse, haiku, heroic couplet, limerick, madrigal, mock epic, ode, ottava rima, pastoral, quatrain, renga, rondeau, rondel, sestina, sonnet, Spenserian stanza, tanka, tercet, terza rima, and villanelle. Found poem A prose text or texts reshaped by a poet into quasi-metrical lines. Fragments of found poetry may appear within an original poem as well. Portions of Ezra Pounds Cantos are found poetry, culled from historical letters and government documents. Charles Olson created his poem There Was a Youth whose Name Was Thomas Granger using a report from William Bradfords History of Plymouth Plantation. Fourteener A metrical line of 14 syllables (usually seven iambic feet). A relatively long line, it can be found in narrative poetry from the Middle Ages through the 16th century. Fourteener couplets broken into quatrains are known as common measure or ballad meter. See also Poulters measure. Free verse Nonmetrical, nonrhyming lines that closely follow the natural rhythms of speech. A regular pattern of sound or rhythm may emerge in free-verse lines, but the poet does not adhere to a metrical plan in their composition. Matthew Arnold and Walt Whitman explored the possibilities of nonmetrical poetry in the 19th century. Since the early 20th century, the majority of published lyric poetry has been written in free verse. See the work of William Carlos Williams, T.S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, and H.D. Browse more free-verse poems. Genre A class or category of texts with similarities in form, style, or subject matter. The definition of a genre changes over time, and a text often interacts with multiple genres. A texts relationship to a particular genre—whether it defies or supports a genres set of expectations—is often of interest when conducting literary analysis. Four major genres of literature include poetry, drama, nonfiction, and fiction. Poetry can be divided into further genres, such as epic, lyric, narrative, satirical, or prose poetry. For more examples of genres, browse poems by type. GhazalL(Pronounciation guzzle) Originally an Arabic verse form dealing with loss and romantic love, medieval Persian poets embraced the ghazal, eventually making it their own. Consisting of syntactically and grammatically complete couplets, the form also has an intricate rhyme scheme. Each couplet ends on the same word or phrase (the radif), and is preceded by the couplets rhyming word (the qafia, which appears twice in the first couplet). The last couplet includes a proper name, often of the poets. In the Persian tradition, each couplet was of the same meter and length, and the subject matter included both erotic longing and religious belief or mysticism. English-language poets who have composed in the form include Adrienne Rich, John Hollander, and Agha Shahid Ali; see Alis Tonight and Patricia Smiths Hip-Hop Ghazal. Gnomic verse Poems laced with proverbs, aphorisms, or maxims. The term was first applied to Greek poets in the 6th century BCE and was practiced in medieval Germany and England. See excerpts from the Exeter Book. Robert Creeley explored the genre in his contemporary Gnomic Verses. Haiku (or hokku) A Japanese verse form of three unrhyming lines in five, seven, and five syllables. It creates a single, memorable image, as in these lines by Kobayashi Issa, translated by Jane Hirshfield Heroic couplet See couplet. Horatian ode See ode. Hymn A poem praising God or the divine, often sung. In English, the most popular hymns were written between the 17th and 19th centuries. See Isaac Wattss Our God, Our Help, Charles Wesleys My God! I Know, I Feel Thee Mine, and Thou Hidden Love of God by John Wesley. Italian sonnet See Sonnet. Lament Any poem expressing deep grief, usually at the death of a loved one or some other loss. Related to elegy and the dirge. See A Lament by Percy Bysshe Shelley; Thom Gunns Lament; and Edna St. Vincent Millays Lament. Landays A form of folk poetry from Afghanistan. Meant to be recited or sung aloud, and frequently anonymous, the form is a couplet comprised of 22 syllables. The first line has 9 syllables and the second line 13 syllables. Landays end on ma or na sounds and treat themes such as love, grief, homeland, war, and separation. See Eliza Griswolds extensive reporting on the form in the June 2013 issue of Poetry, in which she explains how the form was created by and for the more than 20 million Pashtun women who span the border between Afghanistan and Pakistan. Light verse Whimsical poems taking forms such as limericks, nonsense poems, and double dactyls. See Edward Lears The Owl and the Pussy-Cat and Lewis Carrolls The Walrus and the Carpenter. Other masters of light verse include Dorothy Parker, G.K. Chesterton, John Hollander, and Wendy Cope. Limerick A fixed light-verse form of five generally anapestic lines rhyming AABBA. Edward Lear, who popularized the form, fused the third and fourth lines into a single line with internal rhyme. Limericks are traditionally bawdy or just irreverent; see A Young Lady of Lynn or Lears There was an Old Man with a Beard. Browse more limericks. Lyric Originally a composition meant for musical accompaniment. The term refers to a short poem in which the poet, the poets persona, or another speaker expresses personal feelings. See Robert Herricks To Anthea, who May Command Him Anything, John Clares I Hid My Love, Louise Bogans Song for the Last Act, or Louise Glà ¼cks Vita Nova. Madrigal A song or short lyric poem intended for multiple singers. Originating in 14th-century Italy, it became popular in England in the late 15th and early 16th centuries. It has no fixed metrical requirements. See Rosalinds Madrigal by Thomas Lodge. Mock epic A poem that plays with the conventions of the epic to comment on a topic satirically. In Mac Flecknoe, John Dryden wittily flaunts his mastery of the epic genre to cut down a literary rival. Alexander Popes The Rape of the Lock recasts a petty high-society scandal as a mythological battle for the virtue of an innocent. Occasional poem A poem written to describe or comment on a particular event and often written for a public reading. Alfred, Lord Tennysons The Charge of the Light Brigade commemorates a disastrous battle in the Crimean War. George Starbuck wrote Of Late after reading a newspaper account of a Vietnam War protesters suicide. Elizabeth Alexanders Praise Song for the Day was written for the inauguration of President Barack Obama. See also elegy, epithalamion, and ode. Octave An eight-line stanza or poem. See ottava rima and triolet. The first eight lines of an Italian or Petrarchan sonnet are also called an octave. Ode A formal, often ceremonious lyric poem that addresses and often celebrates a person, place, thing, or idea. Its stanza forms vary. The Greek or Pindaric (Pindar, ca. 552-442 B.C.E.) ode was a public poem, usually set to music, that celebrated athletic victories. (See Stephen Burts article And the Winner Is . . . Pindar!) English odes written in the Pindaric tradition include Thomas Grays The Progress of Poesy: A Pindaric Ode and William Wordsworths Ode: Intimations of Immortality from Reflections of Early Childhood. Horatian odes, after the Latin poet Horace (65-8 B.C.E.), were written in quatrains in a more philosophical, contemplative manner; see Andrew Marvells Horatian Ode upon Cromwells Return from Ireland. The Sapphic ode consists of quatrains, three 11-syllable lines, and a final five-syllable line, unrhyming but with a strict meter. See Algernon Charles Swinburnes Sapphics. The odes of the English Romantic poets vary in stanza form. They often address an intense emotion at th e onset of a personal crisis (see Samuel Taylor Coleridges Dejection: An Ode,) or celebrate an object or image that leads to revelation (see John Keatss Ode on a Grecian Urn, Ode to a Nightingale, and To Autumn). Browse more odes. Ottava rima Originally an Italian stanza of eight 11-syllable lines, with a rhyme scheme of ABABABCC. Sir Thomas Wyatt introduced the form in English, and Lord Byron adapted it to a 10-syllable line for his mock-epic Don Juan. W.B. Yeats used it for Among School Children and Sailing to Byzantium. Browse more ottava rima poems. Palinode An ode or song that retracts or recants what the poet wrote in a previous poem. For instance, Geoffrey Chaucers The Canterbury Tales ends with a retraction, in which he apologizes for the works worldly vanitees and sinful contents. Panegyric A poem of effusive praise. Its origins are Greek, and it is closely related to the eulogy and the ode. See Ben Jonsons To the Memory of My Beloved the Author, Mr. William Shakespeare or Anne Bradstreets In Honor of That High and Mighty Princess, Queen Elizabeth. Pantoum A Malaysian verse form adapted by French poets and occasionally imitated in English. It comprises a series of quatrains, with the second and fourth lines of each quatrain repeated as the first and third lines of the next. The second and fourth lines of the final stanza repeat the first and third lines of the first stanza. See A.E. Stallingss Another Lullaby for Insomniacs. Browse more pantoums. Pastoral Verse in the tradition of Theocritus (3 BCE), who wrote idealized accounts of shepherds and their loves living simple, virtuous lives in Arcadia, a mountainous region of Greece. Poets writing in English drew on the pastoral tradition by retreating from the trappings of modernity to the imagined virtues and romance of rural life, as in Edmund Spensers The Shepheardes Calendar, Christopher Marlowes The Passionate Shepherd to His Love, and Sir Walter Raleghs response, The Nymphs Reply to the Shepherd. The pastoral poem faded after the European Industrial Revolution of the 18th century, but its themes persist in poems that romanticize rural life or reappraise the natural world; see Leonie Adamss Country Summer, Dylan Thomass Fern Hill, or Allen Ginsbergs Wales Visitation. Browse more pastoral poems. Pattern poetry See Concrete poetry. Pindaric ode See Ode. Prose poem A prose composition that, while not broken into verse lines, demonstrates other traits such as symbols, metaphors, and other figures of speech common to poetry. See Amy Lowells Bath, Metals Metals by Russell Edson, Information by David Ignatow, and Harryette Mullens [Kills bugs dead.] Browse more prose poems. Quatrain A four-line stanza, rhyming Ballad quatrain -ABAC or ABCB (known as unbounded quatrain), as in Samuel Taylor Coleridges The Rime of the Ancient Mariner. Double couplet -AABB; see A.E. Housmans To an Athlete Dying Young. Heroic couplet -ABAB (known as interlaced, alternate), as in Thomas Grays Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard or Sadie and Maud by Gwendolyn Brooks. Enclosed couplet -ABBA (known as envelope), as in Alfred, Lord Tennysons In Memoriam or John Ciardis Most Like an Arch This Marriage. Refrain A phrase or line repeated at intervals within a poem, especially at the end of a stanza. See the refrain jump back, honey, jump back in Paul Lawrence Dunbars A Negro Love Song or return and return again in James Laughlins O Best of All Nights, Return and Return Again. Browse poems with a refrain. Renga A Japanese form composed of a series of half-tanka written by different poets. The opening stanza is the basis of the modern haiku form. Rhyme royal (rime royale) A stanza of seven 10-syllable lines, rhyming ABABBCC, popularized by Geoffrey Chaucer and termed royal because his imitator, James I of Scotland, employed it in his own verse. In addition to Chaucers Troilus and Criseyde, see Sir Thomas Wyatts They flee from me and William Wordsworths Resolution and Independence. Romance French in origin, a genre of long narrative poetry about medieval courtly culture and secret love. It triumphed in English with tales of chivalry such as Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and Geoffrey Chaucers The Knights Tale and Troilus and Criseyde. Rondeau Originating in France, a mainly octosyllabic poem consisting of between 10 and 15 lines and three stanzas. It has only two rhymes, with the opening words used twice as an unrhyming refrain at the end of the second and third stanzas. The 10-line version rhymes ABBAABc ABBAc (where the lower-case c stands for the refrain). The 15-line version often rhymes AABBA AABc AABAc. Geoffrey Chaucers Now welcome, summer at the close of The Parlement of Fowls is an example of a 13-line rondeau. A rondeau redoublà © consists of six quatrains using two rhymes. The first quatrain consists of four refrain lines that are used, in sequence, as the last lines of the next four quatrains, and a phrase from the first refrain is repeated as a tail at the end of the final stanza. See Dorothy Parkers Roudeau Redoublà © (and Scarcely Worth the Trouble at That). Rondel (roundel) A poetic form of 11 to 14 lines consisting of two rhymes and the repetition of the first two lines in the middle of the poem and at its end. Algernon Charles Swinburnes The Roundel is 11 lines in two stanzas. Sapphic verse See ode. Sestet A six-line stanza, or the final six lines of a 14-line Italian or Petrarchan sonnet. Sestina A complex French verse form, usually unrhymed, consisting of six stanzas of six lines each and a three-line envoy. The end words of the first stanza are repeated in a different order as end words in each of the subsequent five stanzas; the closing envoy contains all six words, two per line, placed in the middle and at the end of the three lines. The patterns of word repetition are as follows, with each number representing the final word of a line, and each row of numbers representing a stanza: Shakespearean sonnet See Sonnet. Sijo A Korean verse form related to haiku and tanka and comprised of three lines of 14-16 syllables each, for a total of 44-46 syllables. Each line contains a pause near the middle, similar to a caesura, though the break need not be metrical. The first half of the line contains six to nine syllables; the second half should contain no fewer than five. Originally intended as songs, sijo can treat romantic, metaphysical, or spiritual themes. Whatever the subject, the first line introduces an idea or story, the second supplies a turn, and the third provides closure. Modern sijo are sometimes printed in six lines. Slam A competitive poetry performance in which selected audience members score performers, and winners are determined by total points. Slam is a composite genre that combines elements of poetry, theater, performance, and storytelling. The genres origins can be traced to Chicago in the early 1980s. Since then, groups of volunteers have organized slams in venues across the world. The first National Poetry Slam was held in 1990, and has become an annual event in which teams from cities across the United States compete at events in a host city. For more on poetry slams, see Jeremy Richardss series Performing the Academy. See also poets Tyehimba Jess, Bob Holman, and Patricia Smith. Sonnet A 14-line poem with a variable rhyme scheme originating in Italy and brought to England by Sir Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard, earl of Surrey in the 16th century. Literally a little song, the sonnet traditionally reflects upon a single sentiment, with a clarification or turn of thought in its concluding lines. The Petrarchan sonnet perfected by the Italian poet Petrarch, divides the 14 lines into two sections: an eight-line stanza (octave) rhyming ABBAABBA, and a six-line stanza (sestet) rhyming CDCDCD or CDEEDE. John Miltons When I Consider How my Light Is Spent and Elizabeth Barrett Brownings How Do I Love Thee employ this form. The Italian sonnet is an English variation on the traditional Petrarchan version. The octaves rhyme scheme is preserved, but the sestet rhymes CDDCEE. See Thomas Wyatts Whoso List to Hunt, I Know Where Is an Hind and John Donnes If Poisonous Minerals, and If That Tree. English sonnet Wyatt and Surrey developed the Shakespearean sonnet, which condenses the 14 lines into one stanza of three quatrains and a concluding couplet, with a rhyme scheme of ABABCDCDEFEFGG (though poets have frequently varied this scheme; see Wilfred Owens Anthem for Doomed Youth). George Herberts Love (II), Claude McKays America, and Molly Peacocks Altruism are English sonnets. The caudate sonnet which adds codas or tails to the 14-line poem. See Gerard Manley Hopkinss That Nature Is a Heraclitean Fire. The curtal sonnet a shortened version devised by Gerard Manley Hopkins that maintains the proportions of the Italian form, substituting two six-stress tercets for two quatrains in the octave (rhyming ABC ABC), and four and a half lines for the sestet (rhyming DEBDE), also six-stress except for the final three-stress line. See his poem Pied Beauty. The sonnet redouble also known as a crown of sonnets, is composed of 15 sonnets that are linked by the repetition of the final line of one sonnet as the initial line of the next, and the final line of that sonnet as the initial line of the previous; the last sonnet consists of all the repeated lines of the previous 14 sonnets, in the same order in which they appeared. Marilyn Nelsons A Wreath for Emmett Till is a contemporary example. A sonnet sequence is a group of sonnets sharing the same subject matter and sometimes a dramatic situation and persona. See George Merediths Modern Love sequence, Sir Philip Sidneys Astrophel and Stella, Rupert Brookes 1914 sequence, and Elizabeth Barrett Brownings Sonnets from the Portuguese. The Spenserian sonnet is a 14-line poem developed by Edmund Spenser in his Amoretti, that varies the English form by interlocking the three quatrains (ABAB BCBC CDCD EE). The stretched sonnet is extended to 16 or more lines, such as those in George Merediths sequence Modern Love. A submerged sonnet tucked into a longer poetic work; see lines 235-48 of T.S. Eliots The Waste Land. Spenserian stanza The unit of Edmund Spensers long poem The Faerie Queene, consisting of eight iambic-pentameter lines and a final alexandrine, with a rhyme scheme of ABABBCBCC. Later uses of this stanza form include John Keatss The Eve of St. Agnes, Percy Bysshe Shelleys Adonais, and Alfred Lord Tennysons The Lotos-Eaters. Stanza A grouping of lines separated from others in a poem. In modern free verse, the stanza, like a prose paragraph, can be used to mark a shift in mood, time, or thought. Syllabic verse Poetry whose meter is determined by the total number of syllables per line, rather than the number of stresses. Marianne Moores poetry is mostly syllabic. Other examples include Thomas Nashes Adieu, farewell earths bliss and Dylan Thomass Poem in October. Browse more poems in syllabic verse. Tanka A Japanese form of five lines with 5, 7, 5, 7, and 7 syllables—31 in all. See Philip Applemans Three Haiku, Two Tanka. See also renga. Tercet A poetic unit of three lines, rhymed or unrhymed. Thomas Hardys The Convergence of the Twain rhymes AAA BBB; Ben Jonsons On Spies is a three-line poem rhyming AAA; and Percy Bysshe Shelleys Ode to the West Wind is written in terza rima form. Examples of poems in unrhymed tercets include Wallace Stevenss The Snow Man and David Wagoners For a Student Sleeping in a Poetry Workshop. Terza rima An Italian stanzaic form, used most notably by Dante Alighieri in Commedia (The Divine Comedy), consisting of tercets with interwoven rhymes (ABA BCB DED EFE, and so on). A concluding couplet rhymes with the penultimate line of the last tercet. See Percy Bysshe Shelleys Ode to the West Wind, Derek Walcotts The Bounty, and Omeros, and Jacqueline Osherows Autumn Psalm. Triolet An eight-line stanza having just two rhymes and repeating the first line as the fourth and seventh lines, and the second line as the eighth. See Sandra McPhersons Triolet or Triolets in the Argolid by Rachel Hadas. Verse As a mass noun, poetry in general; as a regular noun, a line of poetry. Typically used to refer to poetry that possesses more formal qualities. Verse paragraph A group of verse lines that make up a single rhetorical unit. In longer poems, the first line is often indented, like a paragraph in prose. The long narrative passages of John Miltons Paradise Lost are verse paragraphs. The titled sections of Robert Pinskys Essay on Psychiatrists demarcate shifts in focus and argument much as prose paragraphs would. A shorter lyric poem, even when broken into stanzas, could be considered a single verse paragraph, insofar as it expresses a unified mood or thought; see Gail Mazurs Evening. Villanelle A French verse form consisting of five three-line stanzas and a final quatrain, with the first and third lines of the first stanza repeating alternately in the following stanzas. These two refrain lines form the final couplet in the quatrain. See Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night by Dylan Thomas, Elizabeth Bishops One Art, and Edwin Arlington Robinsons The House on the Hill.